The 6-item Kessler psychological distress scale to survey serious mental illness among Chinese undergraduates: Psychometric properties and prevalence estimate

Kang, Yukun; Guo, Wanjun; Xu, Haoxin; Chen, Yue-hui; Li, Xiaojing; Tan, Zheng-ping; Li, Na; Gesang, Ze-ren; Wang, Yingmei; Liu, Changbo; Luo, Ying; Feng, Jian; Xu, Qiu-jie; Lee, Paul; Li, Tao

doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.08.011

Cited by 100 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The present study was conducted during the first two weeks of the COVID-19 outbreak, since humanto-human transmission was announced on January 20, 2020 [26]. In our study, 22.8% of participants had high psychological distress based on the cut-off score of 13 [27]. The prevalence of high psychological distress in our cohort is much higher than the prevalence of high psychological distress…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Coping Style, Social Support and Psychological Distress in the General Chinese Population in the Early Stages of the COVID-2019 Epidemic

et al. 2020

SSRN Journal

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Background The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychological status of the general population in mainland China during the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and to explore the factors influencing psychological distress, in order to provide the basis for further psychological intervention programs. Methods We administered three questionnaires on-line to a convenience sample of the general population from different regions of mainland China from February 1 to February 4, 2020. We used the Mandarin versions of the six-item Kessler psychological distress scale (K6), the Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire (SCSQ), and the Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS). We also collected demographic data and other information related to the COVID-19 outbreak. Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors influencing psychological distress. Results Of 1607 respondents, 1588 returned valid questionnaires and were included in the analysis. Nearly one quarter (22.8%) had high levels of psychological distress (K6 score ≥ 13). Individuals with higher psychological distress spent more time searching for information about COVID-19, had a history of contact with epidemic areas, more frequently adopted a negative coping style, and reported less social support than those with lower psychological distress. Conclusions The COVID-19 outbreak in China has a great impact on the mental health status of the general population. Positive coping strategies and increased social support are significantly correlated with decreased psychological distress, and may serve as the basis for psychological interventions. Background An outbreak of infections of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), initially called novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), began on December 8, 2019, when several cases of pneumonia of unknown etiology were reported in Wuhan, Hubei province, China [1]. In the early stages of this

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Coping Style, Social Support and Psychological Distress in the General Chinese Population in the Early Stages of the COVID-2019 Epidemic

et al. 2020

SSRN Journal

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“…Personal factors which may play a role in recovery, such as coping styles, self-esteem, social stigma and personality, have been measured using self-constructed scales by some studies [24]. Some of the validated tools which have been used to measure such personal factors in other areas of health are the Connor Davidson resilience scale [58] and Kessler 6 psychological distress scale [59]. Inclusion of these measures could enable us to explore this domain further.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applying the WHO ICF Framework to the Outcome Measures Used in the Evaluation of Long-Term Clinical Outcomes in Coronavirus Outbreaks

Patel

Straudi

Sien

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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(1) Objective: The World Health Organization’s (WHO) International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) classification is a unified framework for the description of health and health-related states. This study aimed to use the ICF framework to classify outcome measures used in follow-up studies of coronavirus outbreaks and make recommendations for future studies. (2) Methods: EMBASE, MEDLINE, CINAHL and PsycINFO were systematically searched for original studies assessing clinical outcomes in adult survivors of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS), middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS) and coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) after hospital discharge. Individual items of the identified outcome measures were linked to ICF second-level and third-level categories using ICF linking rules and categorized according to an ICF component. (3) Results: In total, 33 outcome measures were identified from 36 studies. Commonly used (a) ICF body function measures were Pulmonary Function Tests (PFT), Impact of event scale (IES-R) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS); (b) ICF activity was 6-Minute Walking Distance (6MWD); (c) ICF participation measures included Short Form-36 (SF-36) and St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ). ICF environmental factors and personal factors were rarely measured. (4) Conclusions: We recommend future COVID-19 follow-up studies to use the ICF framework to select a combination of outcome measures that capture all the components for a better understanding of the impact on survivors and planning interventions to maximize functional return.

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“…The higher the scores, the higher levels the psychological distress, such as anxiety and depression. The K6 has been demonstrated good reliability and validity in Chinese populations, with Cronbach’s alpha at 0.84, the 32- to 53-day interval test-retest reliability at 0.79 [ 15 ]. The Cronbach alpha coefficient is 0.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Mokken scale analysis of the Kessler-6 screening measure among Chinese older population: findings from a national survey

Zhang

2020

BMC Geriatr

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Background The aging population increases rapidly across the world. Timely and effective screening of their mental-health problems is important to individuals, families, and the whole society. The Kessler-6 screening measure (K6) is a very popular instrument for non-specific psychological distress. However, few studies have focused on the psychometric properties of this instrument in the older population. Methods The present study employed Mokken scale analysis to evaluate its dimensionality and structure. This study also used differential item functioning (DIF) to examine whether the same structure existed across sex in a national representative sample of old Chinese people. Data were drawn from a public data set, the 2010 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS2010), and responses from a total of 6450 participants aged 60 years old and above (3136 males and 3314 females) were included in the final analysis. Results Mokken scale analysis supported the unidimensional structure of the K6. Differential item functioning (DIF) analysis revealed that two of the six items (“Hopeless” and “Everything was an effort”) were marked for DIF based on the Chi-square. However, their impacts were negligible in terms of McFadden’s pseudo R2. Conclusions The K6 demonstrates adequate psychometric properties in the old Chinese population. The sum of all six items can be used as an indicator of non-specific psychological distress. Differences in the indicator across sex should be considered as a real difference in psychological distress between the female and the male.

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The 6-item Kessler psychological distress scale to survey serious mental illness among Chinese undergraduates: Psychometric properties and prevalence estimate

Cited by 100 publications

References 36 publications

Coping Style, Social Support and Psychological Distress in the General Chinese Population in the Early Stages of the COVID-2019 Epidemic

Coping Style, Social Support and Psychological Distress in the General Chinese Population in the Early Stages of the COVID-2019 Epidemic

Applying the WHO ICF Framework to the Outcome Measures Used in the Evaluation of Long-Term Clinical Outcomes in Coronavirus Outbreaks

A Mokken scale analysis of the Kessler-6 screening measure among Chinese older population: findings from a national survey

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