The 9 + 2 Axoneme Anchors Multiple Inner Arm Dyneins and a Network of Kinases and Phosphatases That Control Motility

Porter, Mary E.; Sale, Winfield S.

doi:10.1083/jcb.151.5.f37

Cited by 361 publications

(392 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…While mechanical interactions between the central apparatus and radial spokes may provide an intrinsic mechanism for control of ciliary and flagellar beating, substantial evidence has emerged to indicate that cells utilize chemical signals to alter ciliary and flagellar motility [reviewed in Porter and Sale, 2000]. A combination of physiological, pharmacological, and biochemical analyses of isolated wild-type and mutant axonemes from Chlamydomonas and Tetrahymena as well as axonemes isolated from sperm tails of several species has been used to elucidate these signal transduction pathways.…”

Section: Conserved Signaling Proteins Located In the Central Pair Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

The radial spokes and central apparatus: Mechano‐chemical transducers that regulate flagellar motility

Smith

Yang

2003

Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton

268

259

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Section: Conserved Signaling Proteins Located In the Central Pair Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

The radial spokes and central apparatus: Mechano‐chemical transducers that regulate flagellar motility

Smith

Yang

2003

Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton

268

259

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“…(iii) The ''seam'' (the mismatch between a-and b-tubulin subunits along the 3-start monomer helix of the B-lattice) is reported to lie between PFs A 1 and A 2 [Song and Mandelkow, 1995]. (iv) Most of the ''action'' seems to be focused on the first four PFs, A 1 -A 4 , along which the major forceproducing and regulatory components are anchored, including inner dynein arms, the dynein regulatory complex, radial spokes, and interdoublet nexin link components Heuser, 1982, 1985;Stephens et al, 1989;Porter and Sale, 2000;Lindemann, 2003;Rupp and Porter, 2003;Nicastro et al, 2006;Ralston and Hill, 2006;Setter et al, 2006;Wirschell et al, in press].…”

Section: Background and Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional protofilament numbering of ciliary, flagellar, and centriolar microtubules

Linck

Stephens

2007

Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton

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“…A variety of kinases and phosphatases have recently been identified as tightly bound polypeptides located at discrete sites within the axoneme (Howard et al, 1994;Roush and Sale, 1998;. Dynein arm activity may thus be regulated by the interaction of a network of kinases and phosphatases that are anchored at strategic locations within the central pair, radial spoke, and outer doublet structures in close proximity to their target proteins (reviewed by Porter and Sale, 2000).…”

Section: Possible Functions Of the Central Pair Microtubules And Assomentioning

confidence: 99%

TheChlamydomonas PF6Locus Encodes a Large Alanine/Proline-Rich Polypeptide That Is Required for Assembly of a Central Pair Projection and Regulates Flagellar Motility

Rupp

O’Toole

Porter

2001

MBoC

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113

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Efficient motility of the eukaryotic flagellum requires precise temporal and spatial control of its constituent dynein motors. The central pair and its associated structures have been implicated as important members of a signal transduction cascade that ultimately regulates dynein arm activity. To identify central pair components involved in this process, we characterized a Chlamydomonas motility mutant (pf6-2) obtained by insertional mutagenesis. pf6-2 flagella twitch ineffectively and lack the 1a projection on the C1 microtubule of the central pair. Transformation with constructs containing a full-length, wild-type copy of the PF6 gene rescues the functional, structural, and biochemical defects associated with the pf6 mutation. Sequence analysis indicates that the PF6 gene encodes a large polypeptide that contains numerous alanine-rich, proline-rich, and basic domains and has limited homology to an expressed sequence tag derived from a human testis cDNA library. Biochemical analysis of an epitope-tagged PF6 construct demonstrates that the PF6 polypeptide is an axonemal component that cosediments at 12.6S with several other polypeptides. The PF6 protein appears to be an essential component required for assembly of some of these polypeptides into the C1-1a projection. INTRODUCTIONCilia and flagella are highly conserved structures found on diverse cell types, ranging from single-cell protozoa to multicellular tissues in humans, where they function to propel cells through a fluid environment or to transport fluid across a cell surface. Motile cilia are also found in the embryonic node (Sulik et al., 1994; Bellomo et al., 1996), where their motility appears to be critical for establishing the morphogenetic gradient that determines the left-right body axis in mammals (Nonaka et al., 1998). Defects in the assembly or activity of cilia and flagella result in a variety of abnormalities, including defects in left-right axis asymmetry, infertility, and respiratory disease (Afzelius et al., 1975; Afzelius, 1995;Supp et al., 1999). Most motile cilia and flagella contain an axoneme that consists of nine outer doublet microtubules surrounding two central singlet microtubules. The outer doublets contain binding sites for the inner and outer dynein arms, the molecular motors that power axoneme motility (reviewed by Porter, 1996;King, 2000). The dynein arms on one outer doublet interact transiently with the adjacent doublet to generate the force for interdoublet microtubule sliding. Other structures within the axoneme constrain and coordinate the activity of the multiple dynein motors and thereby convert microtubule sliding into flagellar bending.Both structural and genetic evidence indicate that the central pair microtubules and radial spokes play an important role in coordinating dynein activity. The two central pair microtubules are structurally asymmetric, and in several organisms, this apparatus has been shown to undergo clockwise rotation at a rate of approximately one turn per beat (reviewed by Omoto et al., 1999). Thes...

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The 9 + 2 Axoneme Anchors Multiple Inner Arm Dyneins and a Network of Kinases and Phosphatases That Control Motility

Cited by 361 publications

References 85 publications

The radial spokes and central apparatus: Mechano‐chemical transducers that regulate flagellar motility

The radial spokes and central apparatus: Mechano‐chemical transducers that regulate flagellar motility

Functional protofilament numbering of ciliary, flagellar, and centriolar microtubules

TheChlamydomonas PF6Locus Encodes a Large Alanine/Proline-Rich Polypeptide That Is Required for Assembly of a Central Pair Projection and Regulates Flagellar Motility

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