The abnormalities of trapezius muscle might be a component of Poland’s syndrome

Controversies in Poland Syndrome: Alternative Diagnoses in Patients With Congenital Pectoral Muscle Deficiency

“…However, 6 different studies included in this review described 2 overlapping patient populations, which was confirmed by the authors. 4,24,25,134,141,142 Therefore, for each separate analysis, the source population was included only once, resulting in 136 separate studies and 627 cases.…”

“…1 The true proportion of classic cases might be underestimated by both the work presented by Yiyit et al 4 and our review. Yiyit et al 4,141,142 published multiple articles on atypical Poland syndrome cases and even hypothesized that those cases represent a different syndrome. Therefore, the number of classic Poland syndrome cases they present might be an underestimation because a second syndrome could be highly prevalent in their study sample.…”

Poland syndrome: a new classification system based on a retrospective analysis of 74 cases

“…PS is considered a sporadic syndrome, although some authors have described well-documented cases with an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern and reduced penetrance or delayed mutation (Cobben et al., 1989; Fraser and Ronen, 1989). It may be associated with proximal radioulnar synostosis, radial aplasia of the hand, Sprengel deformity, cutaneous alterations, micromastia or amastia, pectoral and axillary alopecia, anhidrosis associated with the absence of axillary sweat glands, chest wall deformities, dextrocardia (especially left-sided PS), kidney or other visceral anomalies, and trapezius muscle abnormalities (De Smet, 2013; Yiyit et al., 2014). Isolated pectoral muscle hypoplasia does not confirm PS, as this can also be observed in other syndromes with associated anomalies and different inheritance patterns.…”