We have theoretically studied the nature of strong optical losses in the red region of the spectrum that occur in sodium vapor. We take into account the effect of the Ar buffer gas and Na 2 dimers on the resulting absorption of light by the system. Based on the proposed approach, we determine the interatomic distance in the dimers and achieve good agreement with quantum calculations and direct measurements. We show that intrinsic transitions in atomic argon may be the reason for the appearance of a broad absorption peak in the range 700-1000 nm.