The absorptive effects of orobuccal non-liposomal nano-sized glutathione on blood glutathione parameters in healthy individuals: A pilot study

Abstract

Background Glutathione is an endogenous antioxidant found in oxidized (GSSG) and reduced (GSH) forms. Glutathione depletion is indicative of oxidative stress and occurs in various pathological conditions and following extreme exercise activity. Raising blood glutathione concentration has potential to attenuate and prevent chronic disease and also to improve recovery from exercise. There are a number of challenges to achieving this through traditional dietary supplements, and thus there is a need to develop optimized delivery methods to improve blood glutathione status. This study evaluated the effect of a novel glutathione formulation on blood glutathione parameters in healthy individuals. Methods 15 (8 male) healthy individuals (25±5y old, 78.0±14.6kg) participated in a single-blinded randomized placebo-controlled crossover study, with a minimum one-week washout period between treatments. Participants were overnight fasted and administered 1mL of a non-liposomal nano-size glutathione solution (NLNG) containing 200mg of glutathione or 1mL of placebo lacking glutathione. The solution was held in the mouth for 90 seconds before the remainder was swallowed. Blood was collected at baseline, 5, 10, 30, 60 and 120 minutes post-treatment. Protein-bound plasma and erythrocyte lysate concentrations of GSH and GSSG were measured at all time points using previously validated procedures. Linear mixed effects models were used to compare differences between baseline and post-treatment glutathione concentrations between NLNG and placebo for each parameter. Results There was a significant main effect for treatment type, such that increases in GSH concentration in erythrocyte lysate were greater following NLNG than placebo (p = 0.001). Similar significant main effects for treatment were also found for total (protein bound + erythrocyte lysate) GSH (p = 0.015) and GSSG (p = 0.037) concentration, as well as total blood glutathione pool (GSH+GSSG, p = 0.006). Discussion NLNG increased multiple blood glutathione parameters compared to placebo. Future research should examine whether NLNG can attenuate oxidative stress.

Neonatal intermittent hypoxia, fish oil, and/or antioxidant supplementation on gut microbiota in neonatal rats

“…Studies show that intestinal mucosal production of GSH is upregulated by microbes Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium, B Lactum 47 . Nanoparticle technology improves delivery to the tissues, increases intracellular penetration, and protects against premature degradation 21 . However, nGSH did not increase the abundance of species in IH, suggesting that higher doses may be needed.…”

“…Fish oil capsules (Nature’s Bounty, Bohemia, NY) containing 360 mg of total omega 3 fatty acids were used; 3) 50 μL CoQ10+fish oil; 4) oral glutathione nanoparticles (nGSH) sublingual drops (Nanoceutical Solutions (San Antonio, TX), 200 mg/mL (optimized for instant absorption), diluted to 24 μg in 50 μL with extra virgin olive oil. nGSH was previously shown to be safe, and resulted in improved absorption, delivery, and blood concentrations of GSH 21 ; and 5) 50 μL extra virgin olive oil (OO, placebo controls). The choice for extra virgin oil as a control was based on previous reports 34 - 38 .…”

“…Nanoparticle technology improves delivery to the tissues, increases intracellular penetration, and protects against premature degradation. In these experiments, we utilized a novel GSH nanoparticles formulation which was shown to be safe, and improve absorption, delivery, and blood concentrations of GSH 21 .…”

Augmented Glutathione Absorption from Oral Mucosa and its Effect on Skin Pigmentation: A Clinical Review

“… 7 Bruggeman et al conducted a placebo controlled trial using an orobuccal route for glutathione absorption thereby seeking to increase blood levels. 8 Patients were given a solution with 200 mg glutathione or placebo. The solution was held in the mouth for 90 seconds and then swallowed.…”

Randomised clinical trial of long term glutathione supplementation offers protection from oxidative damage, improves HbA1c in elderly type 2 diabetic patients

“…Richie et al (2015) demonstrated its effectiveness in restoring body stores of GSH in a dose and time dependent manner. Several different forms of GSH, such as sublingual (Schmitt et al, 2015), orobucccal (Buonocore et al, 2016;Bruggeman et al, 2019) and liposomal (Sinha et al, 2018) have recently been reported to be effective in restoring body stores of GSH. Supplementation with glycine, a precursor of GSH, has also been shown to increase the rate of GSH synthesis in elderly individuals (Sekhar et al, 2011a).…”