“…In the broader contracting context, scholars have suggested that where there is a competitive market (Donahue 1989;Savas 2000) and transaction costs are low (Brown and Potoski 2003b;Lamothe, Lamothe et al 2008), contractual expectations are more likely to be met. Some empirical studies support these claims (Becker and Sloan 1985;Miranda and Lerner 1995) and suggest that using contractors projects an image of improved performance (Joaquin and Greteins 2010;Terman and Yang 2010). Alternatively, in a meta-analysis of contracting studies, Hodge (1999) found that, on indicators related to the quality of services (as distinct from cost-savings), many effect sizes for using contractors were not "significantly different from zero" (1999, 106;Boyne, 1998;Greene 1994).…”