The Accuracy and Reliability of Tests for Drugs of Abuse in Urine Samples

Kelly, Kim

doi:10.1002/j.1875-9114.1988.tb04082.x

Cited by 14 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…4 Although concentrations greater than 1,000 ng/rnL in patients studied here were generally associated with a poor treatment outcome, no connection with motor or mental impairment can be made. Thlerant persons who have a very high drug intake can often perform complex tasks with a high concentration in the body.…”

Section: Hypotheses Based On Study Resultsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Quantitative urine testing

Tennant¹,

Shannon²

1989

Postgraduate Medicine

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The new quantitative urine tests for cocaine are an easy and inexpensive method of diagnosing and monitoring use of this drug and thus are practical for the primary care physician's office. They may help differentiate between occasional and addicted users, thus establishing the severity of the problem for the patient and family, employer, or school officials. Although the tests cannot be used for legal applications, they have great clinical value. The receptivity of patients and third parties to urine testing has been gratifying. Physicians are encouraged to consider use of these tests in office assessment.

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Section: Hypotheses Based On Study Resultsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Quantitative urine testing

Tennant¹,

Shannon²

1989

Postgraduate Medicine

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“…The test can be done to confirm positive immunoassay results, although this is seldom done. 13 Other newer simple screening systems, such as the Triage panel, use monoclonal antibodies to produce a color-coded reaction, similar to home pregnancy tests, in the presence of drugs in solution at threshold or greater concentrations." These screening systems are fast and simple but tend to be expensive.…”

Section: Preliminary Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Issues Associated with Urine Testing of Substances of Abuse

Eskridge,

Guthrie

1997

Pharmacotherapy

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Several factors may affect the validity and outcome of urine testing for abused drugs such as amphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cannabinoids, cocaine, ethanol, opiates, and phencyclidine. Urine is used for large‐scale testing because acquisition of the sample is noninvasive and because most abused drugs can be detected in urine for a reasonable duration after ingestion. Urine testing for drugs of abuse is a two‐step process. In the first step, screening assays are used to identify presumably positive specimens. Common screening tests are radioimmunoassays, enzyme immunoassays, fluorescence polarization immunoassay, and thin layer chromatography. Since they may be subject to cross‐reactivity, once a possible positive sample has been identified by a preliminary test, a second more specific methodology, gas chromatography with mass spectrometry, is done to confirm the results. Knowledge of the pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of abused drugs affects selection and interpretation of test results.

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“…Vermutlich beruht die Wirkung des in "High Times" propagierten Golden-Seal-Tea auf einer Steigerung der Diurese (1). Wasser ist aber auch ein Störfaktor, indem der gelöste Urin in vitro verdünnt werden kann.…”

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1990

LaboratoriumsMedizin

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Zusammen fassung: Anhand von Modellversuchen wird belegt, daß der Nachweis von suchterzeugenden Drogen im Urin insbesondere mittels EMIT, aber auch mittels FPIA, verfälscht werden kann. In besonders wirksamer Weise führt eine Ansäuerung < pH 3,5 zu falsch-negativen Resultaten. Ebenfalls signifikant erniedrigte Meßsignale werden durch Zugabe von flüssiger Seife oder Hypochlorit in erheblichen Mengen hervorgerufen. Weitere Einflußgrößen und Störfaktoren aus der Literatur werden diskutiert, insbesondere Wasser, Kochsalz und Visine*, die alle ebenfalls ein beträchtliches Verfälschungspotential aufweisen. Gegenmaßnahmen sind eine überwachte Specfmengewinnung und eine sorgfältige Beurteilung der Specimenqualität anhand makroskopischer und analytischer Parameter. Schlüsselwörter: Drogennachweis -Verfälschungsstoffe -Cannäbis -Opiate -EMIT -FPIA Summary:In model tests we were able to demonstrate that the detection of drugs of abuse in urine primarily in EMIT, and to a lesser extent in FPIA as well, can be subject to adulteration. Acidification < pH 3,5 is an especially efficient means to false-negative results. Less significant changes of the analytical signal were produced by addition of liquid soap or hypochlorite in considerable amounts. Additional interference factors and influence factors are discussed, namley water, sodium chloride, and Visi-ne®, all of them bearing a considerable adulteration potential. Counter measures are a supervision of specimen collection and an evaluation of specimen quality by means of macroscopic and analytical parameters.

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The Accuracy and Reliability of Tests for Drugs of Abuse in Urine Samples

Cited by 14 publications

References 70 publications

Quantitative urine testing

Quantitative urine testing

Clinical Issues Associated with Urine Testing of Substances of Abuse

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