The acoustic field in the atmosphere and ionosphere caused by a point explosion on the ground

Far-field coseismic ionospheric disturbances of Tohoku earthquake

“…It is clear that the use of the Rayleigh integral is not valid for the calculation of an acoustic field at the ionospheric heights because the density of the atmosphere decreases by a factor of 10 9 -10 11 from the earth surface to the thermosphere. Drobzheva and Krasnov (2003) have developed the model for a point source, which allows calculation of the acoustic field taking into account atmospheric inhomogeneity, nonlinear effects, absorption and divergence of the wave front because of long-range acoustic wave propagation. In 2005, Krasnov and Drobzheva (2005) have developed an algorithm, which can be used to adapt this model and the Rayleigh integral for the calculation of infrasonic fields caused by underground nuclear explosions at heights of the ionosphere.…”

“…1) represents a unique opportunity to assess the credibility of our calculation system. To describe the evolution of an acoustic signal along acoustic ray we used the formula (Drobzheva and Krasnov, 2003) …”

“…In contrast to the solutions (Kherani, et al, 2012;Shinagawa, et al 2013) the formulae (5) and (6) allows us to describe the evolution of shock and acoustic waves. The model for a point acoustic source (Drobzheva and Krasnov, 2003) is not restricted by the assumption of geometrical acoustics. Fig.…”

Feasibility study of ionospheric perturbations triggered by monochromatic infrasonic waves emitted with a ground-based experiment

“…To study the in uence of infrasonic waves generated by ground sources on the ionosphere, a number of experiments were carried out (Al'perovich et al, 1985;Kusnetsov et al, 2000;Drobzheva and Krasnov, 2003). An important experiment named MASSA in which the e ect of intensive sound perturbations on the ionosphere has been observed, was conducted in 1983 near Alma-Ata (Gokhberg, 1983).…”

“…New attempts to search for the in uence of acoustic-gravity waves on the ionosphere were recently undertaken (Kusnetsov et al, 2000;Drobzheva and Krasnov, 2003). Kusnetsov et al used as generator, a seismic vibrating source with force amplitude up to 10 6 N (the source sound power was not indicated).…”