The Acoustics of Vessel Collisions with Marine Mammals

Gerstein, Edmund; Blue, Joseph E.; Forysthe, S.E.

doi:10.1109/oceans.2005.1639917

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…129,158,160 Pinnipeds' vulnerability to vessel collisions is affected by vessel size and speed. 161 Although the reported incidence of vessel collisions with pinnipeds is lower than with large marine mammals, they are most likely underestimated for this and other small marine mammals. 158…”

Section: Vessel Collisionsmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Pinniped hit by propellers may suffer cuts, open wounds, other injuries and long‐term locomotive impairments that affect their foraging capacity and survival 129,158,160 . Pinnipeds’ vulnerability to vessel collisions is affected by vessel size and speed 161 . Although the reported incidence of vessel collisions with pinnipeds is lower than with large marine mammals, they are most likely underestimated for this and other small marine mammals 158 …”

Section: Threatening Pinnipedsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pinnipeds and salmon farming: Threats, conflicts and challenges to co‐existence after 50 years of industrial growth and expansion

Heredia-Azuaje

Niklitschek

Sepúlveda

2021

Reviews in Aquaculture

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In this review, we summarize and discuss the main interactions affecting salmon farming and pinniped populations worldwide. Out of seven pinnipeds commonly engaged in these interactions, only one, Eumetopias jubatus, is currently listed, as ‘Near Threatened’, by the IUCN. This scenario may change as the salmon farming industry is expanding to higher latitudes and climate change is threatening many pinniped populations. Pinniped attacks cause productive and economic losses, equivalent to 1%–12% of gross production costs, due to predation, induced escapes and implementing deterrent measures. Other potential negative effects on the industry remain unassessed: lower fish growth, immunosuppression, diseases transmission, damaging infrastructure and injuring farmworkers. Main direct threats to pinnipeds include intended and unintended killing, which lack independent quantifications and have generated a growing number of ethical, economic and socio‐political concerns, as well as trade regulations affecting the industry. Physical perturbation, pollution, nutrification and/or prey subsidies related to this industry may induce behavioural, trophic and social changes, as well as breeding and/or foraging habitat loss/change in impacted areas. Despite their relevance, the magnitude and consequences of these potential impacts have been poorly evaluated and documented, precluding us from assembling accurate assessments on most interactions. Hence, we recommend focusing further research on assessing the effects of these interactions and make a call for implementing and maintaining reliable and independent records of: (i) intended and unintended killings and (ii) demography of affected populations. Implementing an ecosystem approach may be key to reduce negative impacts of salmon farming on pinnipeds and coastal ecosystems.

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Section: Vessel Collisionsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Threatening Pinnipedsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pinnipeds and salmon farming: Threats, conflicts and challenges to co‐existence after 50 years of industrial growth and expansion

Heredia-Azuaje

Niklitschek

Sepúlveda

2021

Reviews in Aquaculture

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“…This suggests that a whale ahead of a ship may have very little acoustic information to indicate its approach and therefore only extremely limited time to initiate an appropriate behavioral response. Several factors can affect the ability of whales to detect and locate the sounds of approaching ships, including acoustical shadowing if the propellers are located shallower than keel depth, masking of ship noise by ambient sound from other ships, and the Lloyd's Mirror Effect whereby refraction of lower frequency sounds from the surface leads to extreme sound attenuation at shallow depths (Gerstein et al, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Case Study of a Near Vessel Strike of a Blue Whale: Perceptual Cues and Fine-Scale Aspects of Behavioral Avoidance

et al. 2019

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“…In addition, the hull may shield sound propagation from the propeller in the forward direction. These acoustic radiation phenomena might explain why marine mammals that spend a lot of time at the water surface are prone to vessel strike (e.g., right whales and sirenians) and why bow-riding marine mammals (Würsig, 2018) are not disturbed by the vessel's noise (Gerstein et al, 2005).…”

Section: Generation and Propagation Of Watercraft Noisementioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Ship Noise on Marine Mammals—A Review

et al. 2019

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The number of marine watercraft is on the rise-from private boats in coastal areas to commercial ships crossing oceans. A concomitant increase in underwater noise has been reported in several regions around the globe. Given the important role sound plays in the life functions of marine mammals, research on the potential effects of vessel noise has grown-in particular since the year 2000. We provide an overview of this literature, showing that studies have been patchy in terms of their coverage of species, habitats, vessel types, and types of impact investigated. The documented effects include behavioral and acoustic responses, auditory masking, and stress. We identify knowledge gaps: There appears a bias to more easily accessible species (i.e., bottlenose dolphins and humpback whales), whereas there is a paucity of literature addressing vessel noise impacts on river dolphins, even though some of these species experience chronic noise from boats. Similarly, little is known about the potential effects of ship noise on pelagic and deep-diving marine mammals, even though ship noise is focused in a downward direction, reaching great depth at little acoustic loss and potentially coupling into sound propagation channels in which sound may transmit over long ranges. We explain the fundamental concepts involved in the generation and propagation of vessel noise and point out common problems with both physics and biology: Recordings of ship noise might be affected by unidentified artifacts, and noise exposure can be both under-and over-estimated by tens of decibel if the local sound propagation conditions are not considered. The lack of anthropogenic (e.g., different vessel types), environmental (e.g., different sea states or presence/absence of prey), and biological (e.g., different demographics) controls is a common problem, as is a lack of understanding what constitutes the 'normal' range of behaviors. Last but not least, the biological significance of observed responses is mostly unknown. Moving forward, standards on study design, data analysis, and reporting are badly needed so that results are comparable (across space and time) and so that data can be synthesized to address the grand unknowns: the role of context and the consequences of chronic exposures.

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The Acoustics of Vessel Collisions with Marine Mammals

Cited by 5 publications

References 9 publications

Pinnipeds and salmon farming: Threats, conflicts and challenges to co‐existence after 50 years of industrial growth and expansion

Pinnipeds and salmon farming: Threats, conflicts and challenges to co‐existence after 50 years of industrial growth and expansion

A Case Study of a Near Vessel Strike of a Blue Whale: Perceptual Cues and Fine-Scale Aspects of Behavioral Avoidance

The Effects of Ship Noise on Marine Mammals—A Review

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