The acquisition of resistance to TNFα in breast cancer cells is associated with constitutive activation of autophagy as revealed by a transcriptome analysis using a custom microarray

Moussay, Etienne; Kaoma, Tony; Bagińska, Joanna; Muller, Arnaud; Moer, Kris Van; Nicot, Nathalie; Nazarov, Petr V.; Vallar, Laurent; Chouaı̈b, Salem; Berchem, Guy; Janji, Bassam

doi:10.4161/auto.7.7.15454

Cited by 110 publications

(124 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The Ingenuity database was used to identify EMT-regulated genes, whereas the dedicated autophagy database was used to extract genes involved in and/or related to the autophagic process (19,20). IPA software was used to build a connection between EMT and the autophagy-regulated genes.…”

Section: Data Mining Of Microarray Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Autophagy Induction in Breast Carcinoma Promote Escape from T-cell–Mediated Lysis

et al. 2013

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Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) mediates cancer cell invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance, but its impact on immune surveillance has not been explored. In this study, we investigated the functional consequences of this mode of epithelial cell plasticity on targeted cell lysis by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Acquisition of the EMT phenotype in various derivatives of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells was associated with dramatic morphologic changes and actin cytoskeleton remodeling, with CD24 À /CD44 þ /ALDH þ stem cell populations present exhibiting a higher degree of EMT relative to parental cells. Strikingly, acquisition of this phenotype also associated with an inhibition of CTL-mediated tumor cell lysis. Resistant cells exhibited attenuation in the formation of an immunologic synapse with CTLs along with the induction of autophagy in the target cells. This response was critical for susceptibility to CTL-mediated lysis because siRNA-mediated silencing of beclin1 to inhibit autophagy in target cells restored their susceptibility to CTL-induced lysis. Our results argue that in addition to promoting invasion and metastasis EMT also profoundly alters the susceptibility of cancer cells to T-cell-mediated immune surveillance. Furthermore, they reveal EMT and autophagy as conceptual realms for immunotherapeutic strategies to block immune escape. Cancer Res; 73(8); 2418-27. Ó2013 AACR.

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Section: Data Mining Of Microarray Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Autophagy Induction in Breast Carcinoma Promote Escape from T-cell–Mediated Lysis

et al. 2013

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“…28 Phospho-kinases, cytokine, and angiogenesis arrays (R&D Systems) were used according to the manufacturer's instructions.…”

Section: Immunoblotting and Antibody Arraysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exosomes released by chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells induce the transition of stromal cells into cancer-associated fibroblasts

Paggetti

Haderk

Seiffert

et al. 2015

Blood

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Luxembourg Key Points• CLL-derived exosomes are internalized by stromal cells, deliver functional microRNA and proteins, and activate key signaling pathways.• Stromal cells exposed to CLLderived exosomes demonstrate a CAF-like phenotype and secrete factors promoting CLL cell survival.Exosomes derived from solid tumor cells are involved in immune suppression, angiogenesis, and metastasis, but the role of leukemia-derived exosomes has been less investigated. The pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is stringently associated with a tumorsupportive microenvironment and a dysfunctional immune system. Here, we explore the role of CLL-derived exosomes in the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which malignant cells create this favorable surrounding. We show that CLL-derived exosomes are actively incorporated by endothelial and mesenchymal stem cells ex vivo and in vivo and that the transfer of exosomal protein and microRNA induces an inflammatory phenotype in the target cells, which resembles the phenotype of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). As a result, stromal cells show enhanced proliferation, migration, and secretion of inflammatory cytokines, contributing to a tumor-supportive microenvironment. Exosome uptake by endothelial cells increased angiogenesis ex vivo and in vivo, and coinjection of CLL-derived exosomes and CLL cells promoted tumor growth in immunodeficient mice. Finally, we detected a-smooth actin-positive stromal cells in lymph nodes of CLL patients. These findings demonstrate that CLL-derived exosomes actively promote disease progression by modulating several functions of surrounding stromal cells that acquire features of cancer-associated fibroblasts. (Blood. 2015;126(9):1106-1117

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“…The induction of autophagy in certain scenarios is accompanied by an increase in the mRNA levels of certain autophagy genes, such as ATG8/ Lc3 441,442 and Atg12, 443 and an autophagy-dedicated microarray was developed as a high-throughput tool to simultaneously monitor the transcriptional regulation of all genes involved in, and related to, autophagy. 444 The gene that shows the greatest transcriptional regulation in the liver (in response to starvation and circadian signals) is Ulk1, but others also show more limited changes in mRNA levels including Gabarapl1, Bnip3 and, to a minor extent, Lc3B (Lin JD, personal communication). In several mouse and human cancer cell lines, ER stress and hypoxia increase the transcription of LC3, ATG5 and ATG12 by a mechanism involving the unfolded protein response (UPR).…”

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confidence: 99%

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy

Klionsky¹,

Abdalla²,

Abeliovich³

et al. 2012

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In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field

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The acquisition of resistance to TNFα in breast cancer cells is associated with constitutive activation of autophagy as revealed by a transcriptome analysis using a custom microarray

Cited by 110 publications

References 38 publications

Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Autophagy Induction in Breast Carcinoma Promote Escape from T-cell–Mediated Lysis

Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Autophagy Induction in Breast Carcinoma Promote Escape from T-cell–Mediated Lysis

Exosomes released by chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells induce the transition of stromal cells into cancer-associated fibroblasts

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy

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