The action of lecithin monolayers on mosquitoes. I. General observations

Reiter, Paul L.; McMullen, A.I.

doi:10.1080/00034983.1978.11719299

Cited by 14 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…Karanja et al (1994) and Ali (2000) reported similar results for the adult emergence of anopheline and chironomid midges, respectively [21], [34]. The emergence of adults from the pupal-case relies heavily on the surface tension of the water, which is reduced by Aquatain and other monomolecular films [19]. Reduced surface tension not only prevents adults from emerging but also from ovipositing [19].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…The emergence of adults from the pupal-case relies heavily on the surface tension of the water, which is reduced by Aquatain and other monomolecular films [19]. Reduced surface tension not only prevents adults from emerging but also from ovipositing [19].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A surface tension that is reduced to as much as 27–36 dynes/cm can prevent larvae from breathing properly while pupae are already affected in their breathing when the surface tension is reduced to 41 dynes/cm [55]. In the case of adults, emergence is already prevented when the surface tension is lowered to 38 dynes/cm [19]. As a result, a monomolecular film that loses efficacy over time, is able to control pupae and adults longer than larvae.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Monomolecular films act on mosquitoes by closing off their respiratory structures (siphons in larvae, trumpets in pupae) leading to suffocation [16]. Egg lecithin was the first monomolecular film to be rigorously tested in laboratory and rice paddies for its ability to control mosquito larvae [16]–[19]. It was followed by two ethoxylated isosteryl alcohol- based products, Arosurf® MSF (ISA-2OE or 66-E2) and Agnique® MMF [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Efficacy of Aquatain, a Monomolecular Film, for the Control of Malaria Vectors in Rice Paddies

et al. 2011

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BackgroundRice paddies harbour a large variety of organisms including larvae of malaria mosquitoes. These paddies are challenging for mosquito control because their large size, slurry and vegetation make it difficult to effectively apply a control agent. Aquatain, a monomolecular surface film, can be considered a suitable mosquito control agent for such breeding habitats due to its physical properties. The properties allow Aquatain to self-spread over a water surface and affect multiple stages of the mosquito life cycle.Methodology/Principal FindingsA trial based on a pre-test/post-test control group design evaluated the potential of Aquatain as a mosquito control agent at Ahero rice irrigation scheme in Kenya. After Aquatain application at a dose of 2 ml/m2 on rice paddies, early stage anopheline larvae were reduced by 36%, and late stage anopheline larvae by 16%. However, even at a lower dose of 1 ml/m2 there was a 93.2% reduction in emergence of anopheline adults and 69.5% reduction in emergence of culicine adults. No pupation was observed in treated buckets that were part of a field bio-assay carried out parallel to the trial. Aquatain application saved nearly 1.7 L of water in six days from a water surface of 0.2 m2 under field conditions. Aquatain had no negative effect on rice plants as well as on a variety of non-target organisms, except backswimmers.Conclusions/SignificanceWe demonstrated that Aquatain is an effective agent for the control of anopheline and culicine mosquitoes in irrigated rice paddies. The agent reduced densities of aquatic larval stages and, more importantly, strongly impacted the emergence of adult mosquitoes. Aquatain also reduced water loss due to evaporation. No negative impacts were found on either abundance of non-target organisms, or growth and development of rice plants. Aquatain, therefore, appears a suitable mosquito control tool for use in rice agro-ecosystems.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Efficacy of Aquatain, a Monomolecular Film, for the Control of Malaria Vectors in Rice Paddies

et al. 2011

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“…Early research projects with actual MMFs or related products such as lecithin monolayers were conducted by Garrett and White (1977), White and Garrett (1977), Reiter (1978Reiter ( , 1980 and Reiter and McMullen (1978).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity and Effects of Mosquito Larvicides Methoprene and Surface Film (Agnique^®MMF) on the Development and Fecundity of the Tadpole Shrimp Triops newberryi (Packard) (Notostraca: Triopsidae)

2014

Journal of Vector Ecology

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Formulation of Bacteria, Viruses and Protozoa to Control Insects

Burges¹,

Jones²

1998

Formulation of Microbial Biopesticides

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Formulation of bacteria, viruses and protozoa to control insects 3.6 Application to water 87 3.6.1 Problems of the aquatic environment and its target insects 87 3.6.2 Suspension concentrates and wettable powders 89 3.6.3 Penetration of foliage for mosquito control 90 3.6.4 Floating and slow-release products 91 3.6.5 Encapsulation 95 3.6.6 Monomolecular surface films 96 3.7 Future trends and research in formulation technology 97 3.7.1 Pathogen production 97 3.7.2 Trends in formulation for use on land 99 3.7.2a Products applied dry 99 3.7.2b Products applied as sprays 99 3.7.2c Additives 102 3.7.3 Products for use in water 104 3.7.3a Suspension concentrates and wettable powders 104 3.7.3b Granules, pellets and briqu.ettes 104 3.7.3c Monomolecular layers 106 3.7.3d Bacillus sphaericus 106 3.7.3e Products without live spores 106 3.7.4 Systemic expression of microbial factors 106 3.7.5 Novel strategies for control 108 3.7.6 Research priorities 108 References 109Table 3.2 Production of a Bacillus thuringiensis technical powder by centrifugation and spray-drying fermenter broth (adapted from Lisanky et aI., 1993) Ingredients (Appendix l) Centrifuged broth Aqueous 40% Bevaloid 211 Gum arabic Percentage (w/w) 97 2 1 Function Agent Dispersant Drying protectant Cost ($/kg product) 28.00 0.03 0.03 Preparation 1 Stabilize broth by adjusting pH to 4.1 with 5 M H2S04 2 Spin sample of broth in bench centrifuge at 2: 8000g; supernatant should be clear* 3 Sample for later tests on pH, solids, microbiological purity and cell count 4 Centrifuge at 2: 8000 g and < 35°C with continuous stirring/ agitation of the feed 5 Sample concentrate as for step 2 1 6 Add 2% dispersant and 1% gum arabic or 5% lactose slowly while stirring for 5 min, ensuring that no lumps remain 7 Spray-dry+, using a rotary atomizer, to 6-7% water content; lower levels may cause loss of potency; higher levels will allow caking and contaminants to grow 8 Sieve to < 50lIm and mill oversize material at < 35 DC 9 Bioassay potency of product. The relationship between potency of a 20 gil solids broth and that of the technical powder is about x5 for ssp. kurstaki and x3 for ssp. israelensis * If cloudy, cool sample to 5'C to clear possible interference by antifoam and check microscopically. If there are> 1-2 spores and crystals per field, add 4 mill Superfloc C 577 to bulk broth, but with ssp. israelensis dilute bulk broth to 1.5% with cold water, then add 6 mill of Superfloc to flocculate. t If the concentrate is not to be spray dried immediately, stabilize by adding 2 gIl potassium sorbate and adjust pH to 4.1 ± 0.1 with 5 M H 2 S0 4 , or cool to 5°C. t Spray driers vary. Check residence time of product in drier as over-exposure to heat will lower potency. Typical temperatures are inlet 180-210 °C and outlet 85°C. Experiment with temperatures and throughput rates.Preparation 1 Egg masses of a laboratory strain (New Jersey) of the gypsy moth are held for 150 days at 6 'C to complete diapause 2 Eggs are dehaired (Cosenza et al., 1963;Tardif and Secrest, 1970, modified by...

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The action of lecithin monolayers on mosquitoes. I. General observations

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

Efficacy of Aquatain, a Monomolecular Film, for the Control of Malaria Vectors in Rice Paddies

Efficacy of Aquatain, a Monomolecular Film, for the Control of Malaria Vectors in Rice Paddies

Toxicity and Effects of Mosquito Larvicides Methoprene and Surface Film (Agnique^®MMF) on the Development and Fecundity of the Tadpole Shrimp Triops newberryi (Packard) (Notostraca: Triopsidae)

Formulation of Bacteria, Viruses and Protozoa to Control Insects

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The action of lecithin monolayers on mosquitoes. I. General observations

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

Efficacy of Aquatain, a Monomolecular Film, for the Control of Malaria Vectors in Rice Paddies

Efficacy of Aquatain, a Monomolecular Film, for the Control of Malaria Vectors in Rice Paddies

Toxicity and Effects of Mosquito Larvicides Methoprene and Surface Film (Agnique®MMF) on the Development and Fecundity of the Tadpole Shrimp Triops newberryi (Packard) (Notostraca: Triopsidae)

Formulation of Bacteria, Viruses and Protozoa to Control Insects

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Toxicity and Effects of Mosquito Larvicides Methoprene and Surface Film (Agnique^®MMF) on the Development and Fecundity of the Tadpole Shrimp Triops newberryi (Packard) (Notostraca: Triopsidae)