The action of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on amphibian embryonic tissues

Gestational stage sensitivity to ultrasound effect on postnatal growth and development of mice

“…Experimental efforts to delineate the biological effects of ultrasound on in utero development have been inconclusive. Some studies have reported increased malformation rates (Stolzenberg et al, 1980a;Saravazayan et al, 1982;Takabayashi et al, 1985), while others have found no such effects (Kimmel et al, 1983(Kimmel et al, , 1989Gates, 1984, 1985;Child et al, 1984Child et al, , 1989Vorhees et al, 1991;Jensh et al, 1994). Furthermore, there are conflicting reports concerning the effects of ultrasound exposure on body weight and behavioral changes (Stewart et al, 1985;Hendrickx, 1989a, 1989b;Norton et al, 1991;Hande and Uma Devi, 1992, 1993Newnham et al, 1993;Vorhees et al, 1994;Uma Devi et al, 1995;Fisher et al, 1996;Suresh et al, 1996).…”

Effects and Mechanisms

“…Several investigators have subjected blood in vivo to therapeutic intensities of continuous-wave ultrasound and have been unable to detect significant amounts of damage to any of the cellular elements of blood [572][573][574]. Sarvazyan et al [575] reported damage to chick embryos caused by ultrasound, though Garrison et al [576] and Barnett [577] saw no such effect.…”

Studies of Frequency–Dependent Changes under Modulated Ultrasound Exposure on Cells in Suspension

“…Studies conducted from the 1960s to the 1990s showed that amplitude-modulated ultrasound (US) used on biological tissue is more efficient than continuous ultrasound [1][2][3][4]. This position was confirmed by revealed features of continuous and modulated US influence on testae and blood of different species of animals [5].…”