The Action of Tetanus Toxin in Frogs

Rowson, K. E. K.

doi:10.1099/00221287-25-2-315

Cited by 22 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…As other poikilothermic animals, they develop tetanus in a temperature-dependent way. Symptoms appear faster the higher is the environmental temperature with the animals surviving if kept in the cold [88]. This is fully in agreement with the fact that endocytosis is practically absent below 15 • C, and that the L chain of TeNT is a metalloprotease whose enzymatic activity is temperature-dependent.…”

Section: Toxicity In Non-mammal Animalssupporting

confidence: 81%

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Tables of Toxicity of Botulinum and Tetanus Neurotoxins

Rossetto

Montecucco

2019

Toxins

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Tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins are the most poisonous substances known, so much so as to be considered for a possible terrorist use. At the same time, botulinum neurotoxin type A1 is successfully used to treat a variety of human syndromes characterized by hyperactive cholinergic nerve terminals. The extreme toxicity of these neurotoxins is due to their neurospecificity and to their metalloprotease activity, which results in the deadly paralysis of tetanus and botulism. Recently, many novel botulinum neurotoxins and some botulinum-like toxins have been discovered. This large number of toxins differs in terms of toxicity and biological activity, providing a potential goldmine for novel therapeutics and for new molecular tools to dissect vesicular trafficking, fusion, and exocytosis. The scattered data on toxicity present in the literature require a systematic organization to be usable by scientists and clinicians. We have assembled here the data available in the literature on the toxicity of these toxins in different animal species. The internal comparison of these data provides insights on the biological activity of these toxins.

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Section: Toxicity In Non-mammal Animalssupporting

confidence: 81%

“…Data from[47,[87][88][89]. * No information was given on the exact point of injection within the brain.…”

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confidence: 99%

Tables of Toxicity of Botulinum and Tetanus Neurotoxins

Rossetto

Montecucco

2019

Toxins

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“…26s Tetanal toxin appears to act on the central nervous system of the frog in the same manner as in mammals. 265 Chemical antagonism of tetanal toxin. There are several reports in the literature of attempts to protect experimental animals against the toxin by prior administration of an antidote or in vitro mixing with the toxin.…”

Section: Clinical Pharmacologymentioning

confidence: 99%

The botulinal, tetanal, and enterostaphylococcal toxins: A review

Lamanna¹,

Cj²

1967

Clin Pharma and Therapeutics

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It is our wish to consider the current status of knowledge and to stimulate awareness of the problems and opportunities existing for future studies of the nature and actions of the botulinal, tetanal, and enterostaphylococcal toxins. Increasing knowledge makes such a review timely. In the light of the selective actions of botulinal and tetanal toxins on autonomic and central nervous system interneuronal mechanisms, it is remarkable that one finds no references to these very useful agents in the outstanding texts and reference volumes in neurophysiology and pharmacology. Successful methods of purification now make it possible to employ these toxins as specific reprodUCible and selective reagents or aids in the study of physioReceived for publication Oct. 5, 1966. 286logical and pharmacological questions, a potential that has not been exploited maximally.It is logical to consider these three exotoxins of gram positive bacteria in a single paper because in common they have been proven to be neurotoxic simple proteins. Our attention will not be focused on the purely bacteriological questions of the origin of these toxins in the bacterial economy and environmental factors influencing their production and occurrence in clinical illness. Nor will we consider the clinical problem of tetanus and botulism in medical and veterinary practice, and the occurrence of botulism in wildlife. Reviews including subject matter we have not covered are available. 90 , 93, 114, 115, 128, 135, 154, 156, 177,249,307,308 We will consider primarily the nature and actions of the toxins.

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“…The fish died with an apparently flaccid paralysis associated with the cessation of respiration. Now although the suppression of synaptic inhibition in the central nervous system is commonly accepted as responsible for the convulsions 728 TETANUS RESISTANT INHIBITION and spasticity in tetanus-intoxicated animals (including birds (Davies, Morgan & Wright, 1955), reptiles (Cowles & Nelson, 1947) and frogs (Rowson, 1961)), there is evidence even in mammals for another, peripheral action of tetanus toxin, comparable to the neuromuscular blocking action of botulinum toxin (Kaeser & Saner, 1969; see also Ambache, Morgan & Wright, 1948a, b;van Heyningen & Mellanby, 1970). The apparently flaccid paralysis produced in goldfish, coupled with the apparent insensitivity of the central nervous system to the toxin, pointed strongly to a peripheral action of the toxin in fish.…”

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confidence: 99%

The effect of tetanus toxin in the goldfish

Diamond¹,

Mellanby²

1971

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. The effects of tetanus toxin have been investigated both on central nervous and peripheral neuromuscular systems of goldfish.2. Tetanus toxin kills goldfish when administered in minute doses. The lethal effect is temperature dependent. Unlike mammals, in which tetanus toxin produces spastic paralysis and convulsions, the tetanus-intoxicated goldfish die with an apparently flaccid paralysis.3. Inhibition and excitation were investigated on the Mauthner cells of goldfish which had been paralysed with tetanus toxin for at least 24 hr, and which were subsequently kept alive for up to 3 days by perfusing the gills with oxygenated water. In such fish, antidromically and orthodromically excited Mauthner cells were quite normal, and there was no apparent effect on either the collateral inhibition or the crossed VIIIth nerve inhibition. 4. Local injection of sublethal doses of tetanus toxin into the pectoral fin muscles produced local paralysis of the fin. Nerve-muscle preparations were isolated from such goldfish; in tetanus toxin-paralysed fins, the muscle no longer responded to stimulation of its nerve. The nerve compound action potential was still present and the muscle still responded vigorously to direct electrical stimulation.5. It is concluded that the major part of the lethal action of the toxin in the fish must be ascribed to a peripheral effect, the blocking of neuromuscular transmission. The inhibitory neuronal systems acting on the Mauthner cells of the goldfish, in apparent contrast to those acting on mammalian spinal neurones, are highly insensitive to tetanus toxin.

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The Action of Tetanus Toxin in Frogs

Cited by 22 publications

References 11 publications

Tables of Toxicity of Botulinum and Tetanus Neurotoxins

Tables of Toxicity of Botulinum and Tetanus Neurotoxins

The botulinal, tetanal, and enterostaphylococcal toxins: A review

The effect of tetanus toxin in the goldfish

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