The action of three antiseptics/disinfectants against enveloped and non-enveloped viruses

Abstract

The antiviral action of chloroxylenol, benzalkonium chloride and cetrimide/chlorhexidine was assessed against a range of enveloped and non-enveloped human viruses using a suspension test method. Viral suspensions of 10(6)-10(7) pfu/TCID50 or sfu were prepared in each of the antiseptic/disinfectant solutions in the presence of a bovine serum/yeast extract mixture to simulate 'dirty conditions'. During incubation, aliquots were removed at predetermined timepoints up to 10 min to assess the kinetics of inactivation. Results indicate that all products were effective in inactivating the enveloped viruses herpes simplex virus type 1 and human immunodeficiency virus type 1, whilst being ineffective in inactivating human coronavirus, also enveloped, and the non-enveloped viruses. The exception to this was the benzalkonium chloride-based product (Dettol Hospital Concentrate) which was active against the non-enveloped human coxsackie virus. Four antiseptic/disinfectant solutions with chloroxylenol, benzalkonium chloride, cetrimide/chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine were also assessed for antiviral effect against human immunodeficiency virus in the presence of whole human blood. All four solutions proved to be effective within 1 min despite the cytotoxic nature of the compounds to the detection system.

Inactivation of Human Norovirus Surrogates by Benzalkonium Chloride, Potassium Peroxymonosulfate, Tannic Acid, and Gallic Acid

“…At room temperature, BAC at 2 mg/ mL was shown to reduce enveloped viruses, such as herpes simplex virus (HSV) by 4.5 log, and HIV-1 by 1.9 log after 1 min. Under the same conditions, BAC at 2 mg/mL also reduced the non-enveloped human coxsackie virus by 5.1 log within 1 min, without any reported effect on poliovirus or human adenovirus (Wood and Payne, 1998). At room temperature, 1.25 lg/mL BAC was reported to reduce the titers of enveloped viruses (HSV-2, cytomegalovirus, respiratory syncytial virus) by 3.0-3.2 log; and the titers of non-enveloped viruses (adenovirus, enterovirus, and BK virus) by 1.3-1.7 log after 1 h (Belec et al, 2000).…”

“…BAC has been shown to have antiviral effects against both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses (Belec et al, 2000;Wood and Payne, 1998). At room temperature, BAC at 2 mg/ mL was shown to reduce enveloped viruses, such as herpes simplex virus (HSV) by 4.5 log, and HIV-1 by 1.9 log after 1 min.…”

Use of magnetic nanoparticles as a drug delivery system to improve chlorhexidine antimicrobial activity

“…[1][2][3] It targets compounds such as lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid on the microorganism membrane, 4,5 and at low concentrations CHX affects membrane integrity, while at higher concentrations it causes the cytoplasm to congeal. Previously published data indicate that CHX may be toxic to mammalian cells.…”

Corexit 9500 Inactivates Two Enveloped Viruses of Aquatic Animals but Enhances the Infectivity of a Nonenveloped Fish Virus

“…Corexit 9500 at all concentrations examined did not reduce the IPNV titer beyond 1 log. Relative to enveloped viruses, naked viruses have generally been found to be more resistant to inactivation by alcohol-based disinfectants (25)(26)(27). In addition, the surfactant Sorbitan, mono-(9Z)-9-octadecenoate, poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), a component of Corexit 9500 (24) and a major component of Tween 80, had been previously demonstrated to enhance nonenveloped poliovirus yield instead of reducing the titer (28).…”

“…Less than 1% concentrations of nonionic Triton X-100 and anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) reduced the VSV titer by greater than 6 logs after 5 min of exposure in suspension tests (29). Benzalkonium chloride, a cationic surfactant, at a 1% or lower concentration can reduce the titers of enveloped herpes simplex virus and human immunodeficiency virus by 4.51 and 1.87 logs, respectively after 1 min of exposure (26). The mechanism of reduction of the enveloped virus titer by surfactants is most likely due to solubilization of membrane lipids, releasing membrane-bound proteins, which separates these components from the core of the virus, thus preventing the delivery of the viral genome into cells (32).…”