The action of water films at Å-scales in the Earth: Implications for the Nankai subduction system

Brown, Kevin M.; Poeppe, Dean; Josh, Matthew; Sample, J. C.; Even, Emilie; Saffer, D. M.; Tobin, H. J.; Hirose, Takehiro; Kulongoski, Justin T.; Toczko, S.; Maeda, Lena; Party, Iodp Expedition Shipboard Scientific

doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.12.042

Cited by 13 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…As far as we are aware, no experimental data are available on time‐dependent consolidation appropriate for consolidation of grain contact clay films with dimensions of ~50‐μm radius and several microns thickness. To explore the consolidation rate of the very small clay films present on grain contacts, we developed a model based on Poiseuille outflow of the fluids present between rigid illite plates (Batchelor, ), as outlined in detail in the supporting information (S6; Israelachvili, ; Batchelor, ; Carrier et al, ; Brown et al, ). This model implies that the consolidation rate normal to each grain contact is given by

v_{c} = \frac{z {h_{w}}^{3}}{((), h_{w} + h_{il}) η r^{2}} ((), σ_{1}^{eff} + σ_{3}^{eff})

…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For an increase in σ 1 eff from 40 to 90 MPa at constant σ 3 eff of 40 MPa, the above relations imply an increase in the effective normal stress (

\overset{σ}{true}

) supported by the clay‐filled grain contacts from 120 to 195 MPa. For this change in effective normal stress, drained, 1‐D consolidation test data performed on discs of wet illite powder show a decrease in void ratio ( e = φ /[1‐ φ ]; where φ is the porosity) from 0.22 to 0.15 (Brown et al, ). Note that this highly compliant densification behavior is largely inelastic.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intergranular Clay Films Control Inelastic Deformation in the Groningen Gas Reservoir: Evidence From Split‐Cylinder Deformation Tests

et al. 2019

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Production of oil and gas from sandstone reservoirs leads to small elastic and inelastic strains in the reservoir, which may induce surface subsidence and seismicity. While the elastic component is easily described, the inelastic component, and any rate‐sensitivity thereof remain poorly understood in the relevant small strain range (≤1.0%). To address this, we performed a sequence of five stress/strain‐cycling plus strain‐marker‐imaging experiments on a single split‐cylinder sample (porosity 20.4%) of Slochteren sandstone from the seismogenic Groningen gas field. The tests were performed under in situ conditions of effective confining pressure (40 MPa) and temperature (100 °C), exploring increasingly large differential stresses (up to 75 MPa) and/or axial strains (up to 4.8%) in consecutive runs. At the small strains relevant to producing reservoirs (≤1.0%), inelastic deformation was largely accommodated by deformation of clay‐filled grain contacts. High axial strains (>1.4%) led to pervasive intragranular cracking plus intergranular slip within localized, conjugate bands. Using a simplified sandstone model, we show that the magnitude of inelastic deformation produced in our experiments at small strains (≤1.0%) and stresses relevant to the Groningen reservoir can indeed be roughly accounted for by clay film deformation. Thus, inelastic compaction of the Groningen reservoir is expected to be largely governed by clay film deformation. Compaction by this mechanism is shown to be rate insensitive on production timescales and is anticipated to halt when gas production stops. However, creep by other processes cannot be eliminated. Similar, clay‐bearing sandstone reservoirs occur widespread globally, implying a wide relevance of our results.

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v_{c} = \frac{z {h_{w}}^{3}}{((), h_{w} + h_{il}) η r^{2}} ((), σ_{1}^{eff} + σ_{3}^{eff})

…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For an increase in σ 1 eff from 40 to 90 MPa at constant σ 3 eff of 40 MPa, the above relations imply an increase in the effective normal stress (

\overset{σ}{true}

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intergranular Clay Films Control Inelastic Deformation in the Groningen Gas Reservoir: Evidence From Split‐Cylinder Deformation Tests

et al. 2019

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“…The consolidation (i.e., compaction) behavior of illite powder has been investigated by Brown et al (2017). These authors performed long-term (months), drained, 1D consolidation tests on discs (1-2 mL in volume) of brine-saturated illite powder (purity 65-85%) at room temperature, exploring effective axial stresses in the range of 5-180 MPa.…”

Section: Consolidation Behavior Of Illite Within Grain Contactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microphysics of Inelastic Deformation in Reservoir Sandstones from the Seismogenic Center of the Groningen Gas Field

Pijnenburg

Spiers

2020

Rock Mech Rock Eng

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Physics-based assessment of the effects of hydrocarbon production from sandstone reservoirs on induced subsidence and seismicity hinges on understanding the processes governing compaction of the reservoir. Compaction strains are typically small (ε < 1%) and may be elastic (recoverable), or partly inelastic (permanent), as implied by recent experiments. To describe the inelastic contribution in the seismogenic Groningen gas field, a Cam-clay-type plasticity model was recently developed, based on the triaxial test data obtained for sandstones from the Groningen reservoir (strain rate ~ 10 −5 s −1). To underpin the applicability of this model at production-driven strain rates (10 −12 s −1), we develop a simplified microphysical model, based on the deformation mechanisms observed in triaxial experiments at in situ conditions and compaction strains (ε < 1%). These mechanisms include consolidation of and slip on µm-thick clay films within sandstone grain contacts, plus intragranular cracking. The mechanical behavior implied by this model agrees favourably with the experimental data and Cam-clay description of the sandstone behavior. At reservoir-relevant strains, the observed behavior is largely accounted for by consolidation of and slip on the intergranular clay films. A simple analysis shows that such clay film deformation is virtually time insensitive at current stresses in the Groningen reservoir, so that reservoir compaction by these mechanisms is also expected to be time insensitive. The Cam-clay model is accordingly anticipated to describe the main trends in compaction behavior at the decade time scales relevant to the field, although compaction strains and lateral stresses may be slightly underestimated due to other, smaller creep effects seen in experiments.

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“…compressive deformation of thin clay ( ) films was assumed to exhibit the following dependence on normal stress ( ), based on illite consolidation experiments (Brown et al, 2017):…”

Section: Accepted Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

Compaction of the Groningen Gas Reservoir Sandstone: Discrete Element Modeling Using Microphysically Based Grain‐Scale Interaction Laws

2021

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Reservoir compaction, surface subsidence and induced seismicity are often associated with prolonged hydrocarbon production. Recent experiments conducted on the Groningen gas field's Slochteren sandstone reservoir rock, at in-situ conditions, have shown that compaction involves both poro-elastic strain and time-independent, permanent strain, caused by consolidation and shear of clay films coating the sandstone grains, with grain failure occurring at higher stresses. To model compaction of the reservoir in space and time, numerical approaches, such as the Discrete Element Method (DEM), populated with realistic grain-scale mechanisms are needed. We developed a new particle-interaction law (contact model) for classic DEM to explicitly account for the experimentally observed mechanisms of non-linear elasticity, intergranular clay film deformation, and grain breakage. It was calibrated against both hydrostatic and conventional triaxial Accepted ArticleThis article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as

show abstract

The action of water films at Å-scales in the Earth: Implications for the Nankai subduction system

Cited by 13 publications

References 40 publications

Intergranular Clay Films Control Inelastic Deformation in the Groningen Gas Reservoir: Evidence From Split‐Cylinder Deformation Tests

Intergranular Clay Films Control Inelastic Deformation in the Groningen Gas Reservoir: Evidence From Split‐Cylinder Deformation Tests

Microphysics of Inelastic Deformation in Reservoir Sandstones from the Seismogenic Center of the Groningen Gas Field

Compaction of the Groningen Gas Reservoir Sandstone: Discrete Element Modeling Using Microphysically Based Grain‐Scale Interaction Laws

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