The actions of the chalones

Bullough, W. S.

doi:10.1007/bf01965372

Cited by 23 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…In 1962, Bullough and Lawrence first proposed that “diffusible substances,” or chalones, regulate the mass of the specific tissue from which they were derived [ 1 , 40 ]. Shortly after its discovery as a protein synthesized and secreted by skeletal muscle, Lee and McPherron highlighted the potential for myostatin to be a muscle chalone [ 41 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Myostatin as a mediator of sarcopenia versus homeostatic regulator of muscle mass: insights using a new mass spectrometry-based assay

et al. 2015

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BackgroundMyostatin is a protein synthesized and secreted by skeletal muscle that negatively regulates muscle mass. The extent to which circulating myostatin levels change in the context of aging is controversial, largely due to methodological barriers.MethodsWe developed a specific and sensitive liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay to measure concentrations of myostatin and two of its key inhibitors, follistatin-related gene (FLRG) protein and growth and serum protein-1 (GASP-1) in 80 younger (<40 years), 80 older (>65 years), and 80 sarcopenic older women and men.ResultsOlder women had 34 % higher circulating concentrations of myostatin than younger women. Per unit of lean mass, both older and sarcopenic older women had >23 % higher myostatin levels than younger women. By contrast, younger men had higher myostatin concentrations than older men with and without sarcopenia. Younger men had approximately twofold higher concentrations of myostatin than younger women; however, older women and sarcopenic older women had significantly higher relative myostatin levels than the corresponding groups of men. In both sexes, sarcopenic older subjects had the highest concentrations of FLRG. Circulating concentrations of myostatin exhibited positive, but not robust, correlations with relative muscle mass in both sexes.ConclusionsOur data suggest that myostatin may contribute to the higher prevalence of sarcopenia in women but acts as a homeostatic regulator of muscle mass in men. Moreover, this new LC-MS/MS-based approach offers a means to determine the extent to which myostatin serves as a biomarker of muscle health in diverse conditions of muscle loss and deterioration.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13395-015-0047-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Myostatin as a mediator of sarcopenia versus homeostatic regulator of muscle mass: insights using a new mass spectrometry-based assay

et al. 2015

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“…A few examples are: lymphokines (for review see [1][2][3]), suppressive factor from T suppressor cells, thymic hormones and other thymic factors [4], and lymphocyte chalones, i.e. factors involved in the control of cell proliferation and differentiation [5][6][7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of fractions (Chalones) obtained from lymphoid organs on lymphocyte proliferation in vitro

Hiestand¹,

Borel²,

Bauer³

et al. 1977

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Aqueous extracts of lymphoid organs were prepared and fractionated by means of gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography, and isoelectric focusing. A protein-containing fraction with a molecular weight of approximately 80,000--90,000 and isoelectric points of 7.6 and 5.3--6.2 was isolated and shown to inhibit reproducibly both thymidine incorporation and proliferation of concanavalin A-stimulated mouse spleen lymphocytes in vitro. This effect appeared specific since proliferation of mastocytoma P-815 and leukemia L-1210 cells remained unaffected. A small molecular weight fraction (500 to 10,000 daltons) was also found to inhibit lymphocyte proliferation in vitro but was without apparent specificity for cell type.

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“…Experiments with crude water-soluble extracts of proliferating tissues have shown that these extracts may inhibit the mitotic activity of the tissues from which the extracts have been recovered (Bullough, 1971 ;Elgjo, 1972;Iversen, 1973). Bullough (1962) proposed the name 'chalone' to such an extract.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on the Regulation of Lymphocyte Production in the Murine Thymus and Some Effects of a Crude Thymus Extract

Olsson

Claësson

1975

Cell Proliferation

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Cell proliferation in the murine thymus was studied in vivo under normal conditions and from 0 to 24 hr after a single injection of a water‐soluble extract from mouse thymus, mouse spleen, and mouse skin. The thymus extract reduced during the first 24 hr the mitotic activity 40%; the spleen extract had a weaker inhibitory effect. The skin extract had no such effect. The thymus extract and spleen extract inhibited the flux of cells into the S phase 0–8 hr after the injection of the extract. Initial labelling index was also reduced in this period. Eight hours after injection of the thymus or spleen extracts the inhibited cells initiated DNA synthesis. The rate of progression of blast cells through the cell cycle was normal 24 hr after the injection of the extracts. It was deduced from the analysis that the thymus extract inhibits processes triggering Go/Gi cells into DNA synthesis, the inhibition of G2 efflux being of minor importance. Finally a model for the regulation of proliferating thymic blast cells and the emigration of small lymphocytes from the thymus is proposed.

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The actions of the chalones

Cited by 23 publications

References 28 publications

Myostatin as a mediator of sarcopenia versus homeostatic regulator of muscle mass: insights using a new mass spectrometry-based assay

Myostatin as a mediator of sarcopenia versus homeostatic regulator of muscle mass: insights using a new mass spectrometry-based assay

The effects of fractions (Chalones) obtained from lymphoid organs on lymphocyte proliferation in vitro

Studies on the Regulation of Lymphocyte Production in the Murine Thymus and Some Effects of a Crude Thymus Extract

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