The activation mechanism of plant S6 kinase (S6K), a substrate of TOR kinase, is different from that of mammalian S6K

Yaguchi, Misaki; Ikeya, Shun; Kozaki, Akiko

doi:10.1002/1873-3468.13661

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…S6Ks proteins are another target downstream of the mTOR pathway that are encoded by two cellular genes: S6K1 and S6K2 [63]. Many studies have shown that S6K1 can affect cell growth and proliferation by promoting the translation of related mRNAs.…”

Section: Akt Target Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Roles of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathways in neurodegenerative diseases and tumours

et al. 2020

Cell Biosci

469

263

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The PI3 K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway plays an important role in the regulation of signal transduction and biological processes such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism and angiogenesis. Compared with those of other signalling pathways, the components of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway are complicated. The regulatory mechanisms and biological functions of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway are important in many human diseases, including ischaemic brain injury, neurodegenerative diseases, and tumours. PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway inhibitors include single-component and dual inhibitors. Numerous PI3K inhibitors have exhibited good results in preclinical studies, and some have been clinically tested in haematologic malignancies and solid tumours. In this review, we briefly summarize the results of research on the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and discuss the structural composition, activation, communication processes, regulatory mechanisms and biological functions of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and tumours.

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Section: Akt Target Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…S6K1 can directly phosphorylate relevant components and factors associated with translation mechanism, such as ribosomal protein S6, eIF4B and PDCD4 [64]. Studies have shown that mTORC1 can activate SREBP1 through S6K1 [63]. Furthermore, overactivation of mTOR enhances lipid anabolism in mouse models of obesity and diabetes.…”

Section: Akt Target Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Roles of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathways in neurodegenerative diseases and tumours

et al. 2020

Cell Biosci

469

263

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“…In addition, mTORC1 complex assembly is facilitated by a scaffolding protein Raptor, whose suppression is relieved by AKT-mediated phosphorylation of PRAS40 [140][141][142] (Figure 5). Broadly, mTORC1 is involved in processes of enhanced protein synthesis and growth through downstream effectors like S6 kinase; lipid synthesis through sterol responsive element binding protein (SRBEP); cellular stress responses through its negative regulator AMPK; and cell survival through autophagy and ubiquitin proteosome regulation [143][144][145][146]. In neuronal context, mTORC1 is activated through stimuli like brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), reelin, glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), acetyl choline, and neuropeptides [147][148][149].…”

Section: Akt and Mtor Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Striking a balance: PIP2 and PIP3 signaling in neuronal health and disease

Tariq

Luikart

2021

Explor Neuroprot Ther

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Phosphoinositides are membrane phospholipids involved in a variety of cellular processes like growth, development, metabolism, and transport. This review focuses on the maintenance of cellular homeostasis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3). The critical balance of these PIPs is crucial for regulation of neuronal form and function. The activity of PIP2 and PIP3 can be regulated through kinases, phosphatases, phospholipases and cholesterol microdomains. PIP2 and PIP3 carry out their functions either indirectly through their effectors activating integral signaling pathways, or through direct regulation of membrane channels, transporters, and cytoskeletal proteins. Any perturbations to the balance between PIP2 and PIP3 signaling result in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. This review will discuss the upstream modulators and downstream effectors of the PIP2 and PIP3 signaling, in the context of neuronal health and disease.

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“…S6Ks are members of the AGC family (which includes PKA, PKG and PKC) and are conserved substrates of TOR signaling [ 8 , 9 ]. Both animals and plants have two members of S6Ks, which are S6K1 and S6K2 [ 9 , 10 ]. TOR phosphorylates p70kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (S6K)-1 in Thr-389 residue and Thr-449 residue in animals and plants, respectively [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The activation of mammalian S6K requires phosphorylation at three conserved sites, namely the T-loop, the TM site and the HM site, which show high homology to plant S6Ks, except that the four proline residues directing Ser/Thr sites in the C-terminal domain are absent in plants. In contrast, plant S6Ks can be activated by phosphorylation at two of these three sites [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Involvement of Target of Rapamycin (TOR) Signaling in the Regulation of Crosstalk between Ribosomal Protein Small Subunit 6 Kinase-1 (RPS6K-1) and Ribosomal Proteins

Bakshi

Moin

Gayatri

et al. 2023

Plants

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The target of rapamycin (TOR) protein phosphorylates its downstream effector p70kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinases (S6K1) for ribosome biogenesis and translation initiation in eukaryotes. However, the molecular mechanism of TOR-S6K1-ribosomal protein (RP) signaling is not well understood in plants. In the present study, we report the transcriptional upregulation of ribosomal protein large and small subunit (RPL and RPS) genes in the previously established TOR overexpressing transgenic lines of rice (in Oryza sativa ssp. indica, variety BPT-5204, TR-2.24 and TR-15.1) and of Arabidopsis thaliana (in Col 0 ecotype, ATR-1.4.27 and ATR-3.7.32). The mRNA levels of RP genes from this study were compared with those previously available in transcriptomic datasets on the expression of RPs in relation to TOR inhibitor and in the TOR-RNAi lines of Arabidopsis thaliana. We further analyzed TOR activity, i.e., S6K1 phosphorylation in SALK lines of Arabidopsis with mutation in rpl6, rpl18, rpl23, rpl24 and rps28C, where the rpl18 mutant showed inactivation of S6K1 phosphorylation. We also predicted similar putative Ser/Thr phosphorylation sites for ribosomal S6 kinases (RSKs) in the RPs of Oryza sativa ssp. indica and Arabidopsis thaliana. The findings of this study indicate that the TOR pathway is possibly interlinked in a cyclic manner via the phosphorylation of S6K1 as a modulatory step for the regulation of RP function to switch ‘on’/‘off’ the translational regulation for balanced plant growth.

show abstract

The activation mechanism of plant S6 kinase (S6K), a substrate of TOR kinase, is different from that of mammalian S6K

Cited by 4 publications

References 42 publications

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Roles of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathways in neurodegenerative diseases and tumours

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Roles of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathways in neurodegenerative diseases and tumours

Striking a balance: PIP2 and PIP3 signaling in neuronal health and disease

Involvement of Target of Rapamycin (TOR) Signaling in the Regulation of Crosstalk between Ribosomal Protein Small Subunit 6 Kinase-1 (RPS6K-1) and Ribosomal Proteins

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