The Active Denial System. A Revolutionary, Non-lethal Weapon for Today's Battlefield

Abstract

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Safe for Generations to Come: Considerations of Safety for Millimeter Waves in Wireless Communications

“…In controlled exposures to very high-power (PD on the order of 10,000 W/m 2 at 95 GHz with exposures of only a few seconds) mmWave-based nonlethal crowd control technology, over 11,000 exposures resulted in only eight second-degree burns. In all of these cases, the subjects recovered fully [12]. Even at these high exposure levels, it was expected that the human reflex reaction would shield the eyes from damage and that no long-term or carcinogenic effects would be seen [12].…”

“…In all of these cases, the subjects recovered fully [12]. Even at these high exposure levels, it was expected that the human reflex reaction would shield the eyes from damage and that no long-term or carcinogenic effects would be seen [12]. Skin depth (corresponding to 1/e 2 or 13.5% of the PD transmitted across the skin surface) is well understood to decrease with the increase of radiation frequencies [13].…”

“…The use of low-level (less than 1μW/cm 2 ) radiation in mmWave airport security scanners throughout the world on thousands of travelers is performed daily under the widely accepted view that the only potential direct biological effect of the nonionizing radiation in this band is heating [11]. On the extreme of high-intensity human exposures, the U.S. government has investigated the use of very strong mmWave beams to cause heating of skin for the potential purpose of non-lethal crowd control and observed only effects that can be explained by thermal mechanisms [12]. …”

THz in biology and medicine: toward quantifying and understanding the interaction of millimeter- and submillimeter-waves with cells and cell processes

“…The increasingly widespread use of millimeter-wave generators for wireless telecommunications [1], security screening [2], and even non-lethal crowd control weapons [3], should have prompted renewed scientific interest in the effects of this wavelength range on biologic materials and organisms. Yet with no dedicated funding from U.S.…”

Design of 95 GHz, 2 MW Gyrotron for Communication and Security Applications

“…has been reported elsewhere [6][7][8][9]. These frequencies can also be used in the planetary defence system, planet soil analysis etc.…”