The Activity of the Cilio-Spinal Centers and Their Inhibition in Pupillary Light Reflex

Nisida, Isamu; Okada, Hiromasa; Nakano, Osamu

doi:10.2170/jjphysiol.10.73

Cited by 25 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The resting discharge in the uterine nerves was very similar to the discharges reported from other sympathetic nerves. The low frequency and regularity of the discharges of the individual units is in accordance with the results obtained from the long ciliary nerve of the cat by Nisida et al (1960), and with the frequency-response characteristics of sympathetically innervated organs such as the blood vessels and nictitating membrane (Folkow, 1952;Celander, 1954). Considerably higher frequencies (up to 30/sec) have been observed by Iggo & Vogt (1960) in preganglionic fibres of the cat's cervical sympathetic nerves.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

The activity of post‐ganglionic sympathetic nerves to the uterus of the rabbit

Bower¹

1966

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. The spontaneous activity recorded from the central ends of the uterine nerves of the rabbit is described. The discharges resembled those reported from other post-ganglionic sympathetic nerves; the individual units appeared to discharge remarkably regularly at frequencies between 4/sec and 1 per 3 sec.2. The resting discharge in late pregnant rabbits was usually more intense than in non-pregnant rabbits; otherwise no clear relation existed between variations in the discharges and in the sexual state. 3. The discharge was reduced by stimulation of the central end of the depressor nerve and increased by asphyxia.4. Stimulation of either the preganglionic or the post-ganglionic nerve by a single shock evoked a long after-discharge in the post-ganglionic nerve. It is shown that this after-discharge is a property of some of the post-ganglionic neurones supplying the rabbit's uterus which does not depend on the integrity of the preganglionic nerves or of the spinal cord, or on transmission through the ganglia, and that it is not a general property of the sympathetic post-ganglionic neurones of the rabbit.5. Repetitive stimulation of the preganglionic nerve at low frequencies augmented the after-discharge in some cases and depressed it in others; stimulation at high frequencies invariably depressed the after-discharge. Repetitive stimulation of the post-ganglionic nerve at low or high frequencies depressed the after-discharge.6. If the normal preganglionic activity was interrupted abruptly by an anode block, the post-ganglionic discharge also stopped abruptly.7. A ganglion-stimulating action of hexamethonium is described. 8. Adrenaline inhibited the post-ganglionic neurones with no sign of excitation. This effect was antagonized by Rogitine without affecting the resting discharge, the action of the depressor nerve or the after-discharge in any way.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

The activity of post‐ganglionic sympathetic nerves to the uterus of the rabbit

Bower¹

1966

The Journal of Physiology

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“…Light “off” was observed to produce a post-excitatory depression lasting as long as 700 msec. In addition to this study, pupil-related parasympathetic activity has been studied postganglionically in the ciliary nerves of rabbits (160, 272), and in the ciliary ganglion of cats (246) and rabbits (169). The reports of these studies are generally consistent with the results of the study by Sillito and Zbrozyna (348).…”

Section: Autonomic Control Of the Pupilmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies in cats have shown a light induced inhibition of postganglionic pupillodilation fibers at the level of the long ciliary nerves (272), and preganglionic pupillodilation fibers at the level of the cervical sympathetic nerve (289). These studies found that the pupillodilation fibers were inhibited by light in an intensity dependent manner, i.e., a more intense light brought about a greater inhibition in firing rate.…”

Section: Autonomic Control Of the Pupilmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autonomic Control of the Eye

McDougal

Gamlin

2014

Comprehensive Physiology

346

369

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The autonomic nervous system influences numerous ocular functions. It does this by way of parasympathetic innervation from postganglionic fibers that originate from neurons in the ciliary and pterygopalatine ganglia, and by way of sympathetic innervation from postganglionic fibers that originate from neurons in the superior cervical ganglion. Ciliary ganglion neurons project to the ciliary body and the sphincter pupillae muscle of the iris to control ocular accommodation and pupil constriction, respectively. Superior cervical ganglion neurons project to the dilator pupillae muscle of the iris to control pupil dilation. Ocular blood flow is controlled both via direct autonomic influences on the vasculature of the optic nerve, choroid, ciliary body, and iris, as well as via indirect influences on retinal blood flow. In mammals, this vasculature is innervated by vasodilatory fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion, and by vasoconstrictive fibers from the superior cervical ganglion. Intraocular pressure is regulated primarily through the balance of aqueous humor formation and outflow. Autonomic regulation of ciliary body blood vessels and the ciliary epithelium is an important determinant of aqueous humor formation; autonomic regulation of the trabecular meshwork and episcleral blood vessels is an important determinant of aqueous humor outflow. These tissues are all innervated by fibers from the pterygopalatine and superior cervical ganglia. In addition to these classical autonomic pathways, trigeminal sensory fibers exert local, intrinsic influences on many of these regions of the eye, as well as on some neurons within the ciliary and pterygopalatine ganglia.

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“…Although pupil size is determined by an interaction between the parasympathetic and sympathetic pathways, it has been suggested that the light reflex is primarily driven by activation of the parasympathetic system, whereas the darkness reflex is mostly modulated by activation from the sympathetic pathway (Nisida et al, 1960;Bitsios et al, 1996;Loewenfeld, 1999;Clarke et al, 2003). The pupil response to the light and darkness reflex was thus used to estimate the response characteristic of the two systems under the current experimental situation.…”

Section: Comparison Of the Pupil Response Evoked By Visual Stimuli Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of stimulus contrast on the human pupil orienting response

Wang

Munoz

2014

Eur J of Neuroscience

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The sudden appearance of a novel stimulus initiates a series of responses to orient the body for appropriate actions, including not only shifts of gaze and attention, but also transient pupil dilation. Modulation of pupil dynamics by stimulus properties is less understood, although its effects on other components of orienting have been extensively explored. Microstimulation of the superior colliculus evoked transient pupil dilation, and the initial component of pupil dilation evoked by microstimulation was similar to that elicited by the presentation of salient sensory stimuli, suggesting a coordinated role of the superior colliculus on this behavior, although evidence in humans is yet to be established. To examine pupil orienting responses in humans, we presented visual stimuli while participants fixated on a central visual spot. Transient pupil dilation in humans was elicited after presentation of a visual stimulus in the periphery. The evoked pupil responses were modulated systematically by stimulus contrast, with faster and larger pupil responses triggered by higher contrast stimuli. The pupil response onset latencies for high contrast stimuli were similar to those produced by the light reflex and significantly faster than the darkness reflex, suggesting that the initial component of pupil dilation is probably mediated by inhibition of the parasympathetic pathway. The contrast modulation was pronounced under different levels of baseline pupil size. Together, our results demonstrate visual contrast modulation on the orienting pupil response in humans.

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The Activity of the Cilio-Spinal Centers and Their Inhibition in Pupillary Light Reflex

Cited by 25 publications

References 7 publications

The activity of post‐ganglionic sympathetic nerves to the uterus of the rabbit

The activity of post‐ganglionic sympathetic nerves to the uterus of the rabbit

Autonomic Control of the Eye

Modulation of stimulus contrast on the human pupil orienting response

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