The acute benefits and risks of passive stretching to the point of pain

Muanjai, Pornpimol; Jones, David A.; Mickevičius, Mantas; Satkunskienė, Danguolė; Sniečkus, Audrius; Skurvydas, Albertas; Kamandulis, Sigitas

doi:10.1007/s00421-017-3608-y

Cited by 16 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…In the present study, ROM of ankle dorsiflexion significantly increased after the 5-min SS in both interventions. These results reflected previous studies (Kato et al, 2010(Kato et al, , 2011Nakamura et al, 2011;Mizuno et al, 2013a;Konrad et al, 2017;Muanjai et al, 2017). Mizuno et al (2013b) showed that 5-min SS increased the ROM of ankle dorsiflexion.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Influence of Aerobic Exercise After Static Stretching on Flexibility and Strength in Plantar Flexor Muscles

Takeuchi

Nakamura

2020

Front. Physiol.

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Aerobic exercise could improve stretch-induced strength deficits. However, mechanisms of the improvement were unclear. The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of aerobic exercise after static stretching (SS) on flexibility and isometric strength in ankle plantar-flexor muscles. Fifteen healthy males received two interventions after SS of their ankle plantar-flexor muscles for 5 min. One was aerobic exercise for 10-min on a cycling ergometer, and the other was a 10-min rest as a control. Range of motion (ROM) of ankle dorsiflexion, passive torque at terminal ROM, muscle-tendon unit (MTU) stiffness, muscle tendon junction displacement, peak torque of ankle plantarflexion, and the amplitude of electromyography (EMG) were measured. Immediately after the SS, in both interventions, ROM, passive torque, and muscle tendon junction displacement increased significantly (p < 0.05), while MTU stiffness, peak torque, and the amplitude of EMG were significantly decreased (p < 0.05). After 10-min on a cycling ergometer, the decreased peak torque and amplitude of EMG indicated higher values than those before SS (p < 0.05), while MTU stiffness was no change. In conclusion, SS increased ROM because of the decreased MTU stiffness as well as increased tolerance for stretching. Aerobic exercise could increase the muscle strength and amplitude of EMG which decreased after static stretching.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Influence of Aerobic Exercise After Static Stretching on Flexibility and Strength in Plantar Flexor Muscles

Takeuchi

Nakamura

2020

Front. Physiol.

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“…The subject was seated on a Biodex System 3 isokinetic dynamometer (Biodex Medical Systems, Inc., Shipley, NY, USA) without shoes with the hip flexed at about 120° and the knee at 80°; the shank was placed at 50° below the horizontal, and the fully extended knee was considered to be 180°. 2 The pelvis and both thighs were stabilized with Velcro straps. The dynamometer's rotational axis was aligned with the transversal knee joint axis and connected to the point of force application at the distal end of the tibia 5 cm above the lateral malleolus using a length-adjustable rigid lever arm.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Numerous studies report that stretching exercises increase the range of motion and stretch tolerance. 2,3 The stretch tolerance is referred to length of the myotendon unit at which the subject experiences pain or discomfort. 2,4 The sensation of discomfort during stretch to or beyond the stretch tolerance length may originate from the stretching of nerve and fascia, 5 where supraphysiological strain of the peripheral nerve can ultimately even impair signal conduction, disrupt nerve anatomy and cause injury.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2,3 The stretch tolerance is referred to length of the myotendon unit at which the subject experiences pain or discomfort. 2,4 The sensation of discomfort during stretch to or beyond the stretch tolerance length may originate from the stretching of nerve and fascia, 5 where supraphysiological strain of the peripheral nerve can ultimately even impair signal conduction, disrupt nerve anatomy and cause injury. 6 Joint motion indeed causes mechanical stress of the peripheral nerves by elongating and gliding relative to adjacent tissues 7,8 adhesions between the epineurium and the surrounding tissue, restricting the nerves from gliding freely.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Warm-Up and Hamstrings Stiffness, Stress Relaxation, Flexibility, and Knee Proprioception in Young Soccer Players

Satkunskienė

Ardekani

Khair

et al. 2021

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context: Nerves or fascia may limit motion in young soccer players, thereby contributing to frequent hamstring injuries. Nerve gliding exercises and self-myofascial release techniques may enhance the range of motion. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the acute effect of foam rolling (FR) and neurodynamic nerve gliding (NDNG) on hamstring flexibility, passive stiffness, viscoelasticity and proprioception during the warm-up of soccer players. Design: Crossover study design. Setting: Research laboratory. Participants: Fifteen male soccer players on the same team (age 18.0 ± 1.4 years, body mass 76.9 ± 7.8 kg, height 183 ± 6 cm). Intervention: FR and NDNG included six sets of 45 s with 15 s rest between each set. Over a two-week period subjects performed NDNG and FR on two separate occasions. Main Outcome Measure(s): Hip flexion angle (SLR), knee extension range of motion (ROM), knee joint position sense (AKJPS), hamstring passive resistance torque (PRT), stiffness (STFmax and STF80%) and viscoelasticity (stress-relaxation test (SRT)). Results: A significant interaction between time and intervention was found for knee ROM (p = 0.017), PRT (p = 0.044), and STFmax (p = 0.042). NDNG induced an increase in ROM (p = 0.011), PRT (p = 0.008), and STFmax (p = 0.030). Both NDNG and FR induced an increase in SLR (p < 0.001). No interaction or main effects was found for SRT and AKJPS. Conclusion: The inclusion of NDNG in the warm-up routine increased the ROM more in comparison with FR and may be of benefit to soccer players.

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“…But, to what extent would small amounts of muscle activity reduce hip range of motion? Typically, involuntary muscle activity of less than 5% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) is ignored because it is assumed to be too small to reduce hip range of motion [13, 14]. However, if this assumption is incorrect, small amounts of involuntary hamstring muscle activity will limit, and potentially invalidate outcomes from the passive straight leg raise test.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Involuntary hamstring muscle activity reduces passive hip range of motion during the straight leg raise test: a stimulation study in healthy people

Foo

Héroux

Chia

et al. 2019

BMC Musculoskelet Disord

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Background Involuntary hamstring muscle activity is present in some people during the straight leg raise test, but it is not known to what extent involuntary muscle activity limits passive joint range of motion. This study aimed to determine whether small amounts of involuntary hamstring activity limit passive hip range of motion during the straight leg raise test in healthy people. Methods Thirty healthy subjects were recruited from The University of Sydney. As the hamstring muscles were continuously stimulated to generate 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10% of knee flexion maximal voluntary contraction force, an investigator blinded to the amount of stimulation performed a straight leg raise test by passively raising the tested leg while keeping the knee extended. The test was stopped when the knee started to flex, at which point hip range of motion was recorded. Results On average, passive hip range of motion decreased by 0.6° for every 1% increase in knee flexion force caused by muscle activation (95% CI 0.3 to 0.9°, p = 0.0012). Subjects were instructed to fully relax when the straight leg raise test was performed, but a small amount of involuntary muscle activity (median 2.4% of maximal activation) was present during the trial without stimulation. Conclusions Small amounts of involuntary hamstring muscles activity reduce passive hip range of motion during the straight leg raise test in healthy people. Trial registration The protocol for this study was registered with the Open Science Framework, reference: https://osf.io/fejpf/ . Registered 9 March 2017.

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The acute benefits and risks of passive stretching to the point of pain

Cited by 16 publications

References 52 publications

Influence of Aerobic Exercise After Static Stretching on Flexibility and Strength in Plantar Flexor Muscles

Influence of Aerobic Exercise After Static Stretching on Flexibility and Strength in Plantar Flexor Muscles

Warm-Up and Hamstrings Stiffness, Stress Relaxation, Flexibility, and Knee Proprioception in Young Soccer Players

Involuntary hamstring muscle activity reduces passive hip range of motion during the straight leg raise test: a stimulation study in healthy people

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