The acute inhalation toxicology of the technical grade organoarsenical herbicides, cacodylic acid and disodium methanearsonic acid; a route comparison

Stevens, James T.; DiPasquale, Louis C.; Farmer, Jackie D.

doi:10.1007/bf01685427

Cited by 17 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Also, a sodium salt of MMA (DSMA) was associated with very low acute toxicity. In rats, exposure to 6100 mg DSMA/m 3 was not associated with any deaths (Stevens et al, 1979).…”

Section: Arsenic Toxicologymentioning

confidence: 86%

Speciated arsenic in air: Measurement methodology and risk assessment considerations

Lewis

Reid

Pollock

et al. 2011

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Accurate measurement of arsenic (As) in air is critical to providing a more robust understanding of arsenic exposures and associated human health risks. Although there is extensive information available on total arsenic in air, less is known on the relative contribution of each arsenic species. To address this data gap, the authors conducted an in-depth review of available information on speciated arsenic in air. The evaluation included the type of species measured and the relative abundance, as well as an analysis of the limitations of current analytical methods. Despite inherent differences in the procedures, most techniques effectively separated arsenic species in the air samples. Common analytical techniques such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and/or hydride generation (HG)-or quartz furnace (GF)-atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) were used for arsenic measurement in the extracts, and provided some of the most sensitive detection limits. The current analysis demonstrated that, despite limited comparability among studies due to differences in seasonal factors, study duration, sample collection methods, and analytical methods, research conducted to date is adequate to show that arsenic in air is mainly in the inorganic form. Reported average concentrations of As(III) and As(V) ranged up to 7.4 and 10.4 ng/m 3 , respectively, with As(V) being more prevalent than As(III) in most studies. Concentrations of the organic methylated arsenic compounds are negligible (in the pg/m 3 range). However, because of the variability in study methods and measurement methodology, the authors were unable to determine the variation in arsenic composition as a function of source or particulate matter (PM) fraction. In this work, the authors include the implications of arsenic speciation in air on potential exposure and risks. The authors conclude that it is important to synchronize sample collection, preparation, and analytical techniques in order to generate data more useful for arsenic inhalation risk assessment, and a more robust documentation of quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) protocols is necessary to ensure accuracy, precision, representativeness, and comparability.Implications: The detailed review of the speciation techniques for arsenic in air samples presented in this study showed that (1) a variety of efficient methods (sampling, extraction, and analytical) developed across research studies were available for the determination of arsenic species in air; (2) arsenic species in the air were predominantly inorganic forms; and (3) the organic forms in air were largely below detection limits. Despite these general findings, more consistent methods must be developed to understand potential risks from arsenic in ambient air. Research needs to advance air arsenic risk assessment are identified.

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“…Also, a sodium salt of MMA (DSMA) was associated with very low acute toxicity. In rats, exposure to 6100 mg DSMA/m 3 was not associated with any deaths (Stevens et al, 1979).…”

Section: Arsenic Toxicologymentioning

confidence: 86%

Speciated arsenic in air: Measurement methodology and risk assessment considerations

Lewis

Reid

Pollock

et al. 2011

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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“…During exposure, the animals suffered from respiratory distress, but recovered rapidly thereafter. In the exposure chamber, the concentrations of dimethylarsinic acid or disodium methylarsonate were so high that the animals were hardly visible (Stevens et al 1979).…”

Section: Inhalationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After exposure, diarrhoea and decreased body weight gains were observed within 14 days. Necropsy of the animals that died revealed bright red lungs with dark spots and a caecum filled with solid intestinal content (Stevens et al 1979).…”

Section: Inhalationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The symptoms of intoxication were ruffled fur, laboured breathing, hunched posture, loss of the neck reflex, a decrease in body temperature and immobility. Gross-pathological examinations revealed a small red thymus, bright lungs, dark discolor ation of the adrenal glands, liver and spleen, the caecum filled with solid intestinal content, irritation of the gastric mucosa, and blood and mucus in the intestine (Stevens et al 1979). The LD 50 for methylarsonous acid after intraperitoneal administration in hamsters was 29.3 µmol/kg body weight (3.7 mg/kg body weight) (Petrick et al 2001).…”

Section: Intraperitoneal Injectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For sensory irritation, RD 50 values (decrease in respiration rate by 50%) of 3150 mg dimethylarsinic acid/m 3 and 1540 mg disodium methylarsonate/m 3 were calculated in mice (Stevens et al 1979). …”

Section: Inhalationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Methylarsenic compounds [MAK Value Documentation, 2014]

Hartwig

2018

The MAK‐Collection for Occupational Health and Safety

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The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated methylarsenic compounds considering all toxicological endpoints. Available publications and unpublished study reports are described in detail. Methylarsenic compounds are the carcinogenic metabolites of arsenic and its inorganic compounds, which are proven human carcinogens. Methylated arsenic compounds are able to interfere with all important cellular processes. In mice and rats, dimethylarsinic acid was clearly carcinogenic. Trimethylarsine oxide caused liver adenomas in F344 rats and with methylarsenic acid, preneoplastic liver effects were found. If all aspects are considered, methylarsenic compounds are classified in Carcinogen Category 1. Methylarsenic compounds are genotoxic in vitro and in vivo. As they are bioavailable and can reach the germ cells, they are classified in Category 3 A for Germ Cell Mutagens. Methylarsenic compounds are genotoxic carcinogens, for which no safe systemic exposure can be estimated. It must be assumed that even small amounts absorbed percutaneously increase the carcinogenic risk. Therefore, methylarsenic compounds are designated with an “H” (for substances that can be absorbed through the skin in toxicologically relevant amounts). Dimethylarsinic acid induced developmental toxicity in rats. Apart from a well‐documented case report, there are no clear findings available to conclude a skin‐sensitizing potential in humans.

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Methylarsenverbindungen [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2014]

2014

The MAK‐Collection for Occupational Health and Safety

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The acute inhalation toxicology of the technical grade organoarsenical herbicides, cacodylic acid and disodium methanearsonic acid; a route comparison

Cited by 17 publications

References 3 publications

Speciated arsenic in air: Measurement methodology and risk assessment considerations

Speciated arsenic in air: Measurement methodology and risk assessment considerations

Methylarsenic compounds [MAK Value Documentation, 2014]

Methylarsenverbindungen [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2014]

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