The acute toxicity of 47 industrial chemicals to fresh and saltwater fishes

Dawson, Gaynor; Jennings, Allen L.; Drozdowski, Daniel; Rider, Eugene

doi:10.1016/0304-3894(75)80003-3

Cited by 58 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Previous studies on the impacts of morpholine on aquatic biota have only examined mortality as an endpoint. Acute 96‐h LC50 values were measured as 350 mg/L in bluegill ( Lepomis macrochirus ) , 400 mg/L in tidewater silversides ( Menidia peninsulae ) , and 262 mg/L in golden orfe ( Leuciscus idus ) . Toxicity studies have focused on the effects in adult fish, with no published data for embryonic development.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The effects of morpholine on fish have only been examined in terms of survival following acute exposures, generally as part of a broader toxicity study looking at a suite of compounds. In mature adult fish, the concentration producing lethality in 50% of the population (LC50) after 96 h ranges from 250 mg/L to 400 mg/L depending on the species . The effects of chronic exposure to morpholine, the impacts on developmental stages, and the biological effects apart from mortality such as development rate and growth remain largely unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Developmental effects of the industrial cooling water additives morpholine and sodium hypochlorite on lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis)

Thome

Mitz

Sreetharan

et al. 2017

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Chemicals used in the prevention of corrosion and biofouling may be released into the environment via industrial cooling water discharges. The authors assessed the impacts of 2 commonly used chemicals, morpholine and sodium hypochlorite, on development in lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis). Embryos were exposed chronically, beginning at fertilization or at the eyed stage. Acute 96-h exposures were also examined at 4 development stages. Chronic morpholine resulted in median lethal concentrations (LC50s) of 219 ± 54 mg/L when exposure began at fertilization and 674 ± 12 mg/L when exposure began at the eyed stage, suggesting that embryos are more sensitive earlier in development. Chronic morpholine exposure advanced hatching by up to 30%, and the early hatching embryos were up to 10% smaller in body length. A decrease in yolk conversion efficiency was also observed in embryos exposed to chronic morpholine concentrations of 1000 mg/L. The majority of effects from morpholine exposure manifested near hatch, possibly reflecting changes in chorion permeability at the end of embryonic development. Sodium hypochlorite only impacted survival with chronic exposure from fertilization, where the total residual chlorine LC50 was 0.52 ± 0.11 mg/L. Acute exposures to both chemicals had minimal effects up to the highest tested concentrations. Overall, the results suggest that the risk during development from exposure to morpholine and sodium hypochlorite is low under normal operating conditions. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1955-1965. © 2016 SETAC.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental effects of the industrial cooling water additives morpholine and sodium hypochlorite on lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis)

Thome

Mitz

Sreetharan

et al. 2017

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…The chronic and test EC20 values for fish are estimates based on data for bluegill from Dawson et al (1977). The calculations were performed using Equations (2) and (5) .…”

Section: Benzo(a)pyrene the Test Ec20 For Fish Is Derived From Hannamentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicological Benchmarks for Screening of Potential Contaminants of Concern for Effects on Aquatic Biota on the Oak Ridge Reservation, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

Suter¹

1993

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“…There have been a few studies on the effects of morpholine on aquatic organisms using acute exposures; the acute median lethal concentrations for adult golden orfe and tidewater silverside fish were 262 and 400 mg L −1 , respectively (Dawson et al –1977; Brandão et al ). Chronic sublethal exposure of salmon smolts to 50 ng L −1 morpholine caused imprinting behavior: salmon preferred to spawn in rivers containing morpholine (Scholz et al ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of temperature, morpholine, and chronic radiation on the embryonic development of round whitefish (Prosopium cylindraceum)

Lim

Manzon

Somers

et al. 2018

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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During incubation, round whitefish embryos may experience fluctuating or elevated temperatures from natural (e.g., seasonal temperature changes) and/or anthropogenic sources. Anthropogenic sources like once-through cooling discharges from nuclear power plants can also expose embryos to chemicals (e.g., morpholine) and/or radiation. To examine the effects of these potential stressors on embryogenesis, round whitefish were incubated under fluctuating or constant temperatures, with morpholine or Cs gamma rays. We report the percentage of prehatch and posthatch mortality, developmental rate, hatch dynamics, and morphometrics at 4 development stages. Embryos reared at constant temperatures had delayed developmental stage onset and median hatch, higher mortality at constant 8 °C, and lower mortality at ≤5 °C, compared with embryos reared under seasonal temperature regimes. Embryos incubated with ≥500 mg L morpholine (>200× regulatory limits) had advanced hatch, reduced body size, and increased prehatch (100% at 1000 mg L ) and posthatch (≈95% at 500 mg L ) mortality compared with controls. Relative to controls, embryos irradiated with ≥0.16 mGy/d had larger body mass early in development, and all irradiated embryos had decreased posthatch mortality; the lowest dose was >300× discharge limits. Our study suggests that fluctuating or elevated temperatures and high-dose morpholine can alter development rate, hatch dynamics, and growth, and/or increase mortality compared with embryos reared at constant temperatures of ≤5 °C; conversely, low-dose irradiation had transient developmental effects but may benefit early posthatch survival. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2593-2608. © 2018 SETAC.

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The acute toxicity of 47 industrial chemicals to fresh and saltwater fishes

Cited by 58 publications

References 3 publications

Developmental effects of the industrial cooling water additives morpholine and sodium hypochlorite on lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis)

Developmental effects of the industrial cooling water additives morpholine and sodium hypochlorite on lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis)

Toxicological Benchmarks for Screening of Potential Contaminants of Concern for Effects on Aquatic Biota on the Oak Ridge Reservation, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

Impacts of temperature, morpholine, and chronic radiation on the embryonic development of round whitefish (Prosopium cylindraceum)

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