The acute toxicity of ferrous salts administered to dogs by mouth

D’Arcy, P. F.; Howard, E. M.

doi:10.1002/path.1700830109

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Most commonly, patients with iron deficiency anaemia are treated with oral iron preparations . However, widely used oral ferrous (Fe 2+ ) agents such as ferrous sulphate, ferrous gluconate and ferrous fumarate are associated with low intestinal absorption leading to minor efficacy and gastrointestinal side effects . The gastrointestinal tolerance of currently available oral iron preparations in often poor, irrespective of pre‐existing or iron‐induced tissue damage .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ferric maltol therapy for iron deficiency anaemia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: long‐term extension data from a Phase 3 study

Schmidt

Ahmad

Tulassay

et al. 2016

Aliment Pharmacol Ther

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SummaryBackgroundFerric maltol was effective and well‐tolerated in iron deficiency anaemia patients with inflammatory bowel disease during a 12‐week placebo‐controlled trial.AimTo perform a Phase 3 extension study evaluating long‐term efficacy and safety with ferric maltol in inflammatory bowel disease patients in whom oral ferrous therapies had failed to correct iron deficiency anaemia.MethodsAfter 12 weeks of randomised, double‐blind treatment, patients with iron deficiency anaemia and mild‐to‐moderate ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease received open‐label ferric maltol 30 mg b.d. for 52 weeks.Results111 patients completed randomised treatment and 97 entered the open‐label ferric maltol extension. In patients randomised to ferric maltol (‘continued’; n = 50), mean ± s.d. haemoglobin increased by 3.07 ± 1.46 g/dL between baseline and Week 64. In patients randomised to placebo (‘switch’; n = 47), haemoglobin increased by 2.19 ± 1.61 g/dL. Normal haemoglobin was achieved in high proportions of both continued and switch patients (89% and 83% at Week 64, respectively). Serum ferritin increased from 8.9 μg/L (baseline) to 26.0 μg/L (Week 12) in ferric maltol‐treated patients, and to 57.4 μg/L amongst all patients at Week 64. In total, 80% of patients reported ≥1 adverse event by Week 64. Adverse events considered related to ferric maltol were recorded in 27/111 (24%) patients: 8/18 discontinuations due to adverse events were treatment‐related. One patient was withdrawn due to increased ulcerative colitis activity.ConclusionsNormal haemoglobin was observed in ≥80% of patients from weeks 20–64 of long‐term ferric maltol treatment, with concomitant increases in iron storage parameters. Ferric maltol was well‐tolerated throughout this 64‐week study.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ferric maltol therapy for iron deficiency anaemia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: long‐term extension data from a Phase 3 study

Schmidt

Ahmad

Tulassay

et al. 2016

Aliment Pharmacol Ther

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“…Ingestions greater than 60 mg/ kg can result in serious poisoning or death. In animals and humans, oral doses between 100 and 250 mg/kg are potentially lethal [4,8,9,12].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron Intoxication in a Dog Consequent to the Ingestion of Oxygen Absorber Sachets in Pet Treat Packaging

Brutlag¹,

Flint²,

Puschner

2011

J. Med. Toxicol.

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Oxygen absorbers are commonly used in packages of dried or dehydrated foods (e.g., beef jerky, dried fruit) to prolong shelf life and protect food from discoloration and decomposition. They usually contain reduced iron as the active ingredient although this is rarely stated on the external packaging. Although reduced iron typically has minimal oral bioavailability, such products are potential sources of iron poisoning in companion animals and children. We present a case of canine ingestion of an oxygen absorber from a bag of dog treats that resulted in iron intoxication necessitating chelation therapy. A 7-month-old female Jack Russell terrier presented for evaluation of vomiting and melena 8-12 h after ingesting 1-2 oxygen absorber sachets from a package of dog treats. Serum iron concentration and ALT were elevated. The dog was treated with deferoxamine and supportive care. Clinical signs resolved 14 h following treatment, but the ALT remained elevated at the 3-month recheck. The ingestion of reduced iron in humans has been reported to cause mild elevation of serum iron concentration with minimal clinical effects. To our knowledge, no cases of iron intoxication following the ingestion of oxygen absorbers have been reported. The lack of ingredient information on the packaging prompted analysis of contents of oxygen absorber sachets. Results indicate the contents contained 50-70% total iron. This case demonstrates that iron intoxication can occur following the ingestion of such products. Human and veterinary medical personnel need to be aware of this effect and monitor serum iron concentrations as chelation may be necessary.

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“…No clinical signs of toxicosis are expected in dogs ingesting less than 20 mg/kg bw ionisable iron. Higher doses of ferrous sulphate (600 mg Fe/kg bw) caused death, but 1500 mg iron from ferrous carbonate/kg bw had no effect in dogs (D'Arcy and Howard, 1962). The most affected organ is the liver.…”

Section: Safety Of Iron For the Target Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of iron compounds (E1) as feed additives for all species: ferrous sulphate heptahydrate based on a dossier submitted by Kronos International, Inc.

Högstrand¹

2014

EFS2

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Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of iron compounds (E1) as feed additives for all species: ferrous sulphate heptahydrate based on a dossier submitted by Kronos International, Inc. ABSTRACTFerrous sulphate heptahydrate is safe when supplied up to a maximum iron content per kilogram complete feedingstuff of 450 mg for bovines and poultry, 500 mg for ovines, 600 mg for pets, and 750 mg for other species/categories, except horses and fish; for piglets up to one week before weaning a maximum of 250 mg Fe/day is considered safe. Because of insufficient data, the Panel is not in a position to derive a maximum safe iron concentration in feed for horses or fish; as a provisional measure, the current value (750 mg/kg) could be maintained. The values for total dietary iron for pigs, ovines, horses, fish and other species/categories (except poultry, bovines and pets) are in line with those currently authorised. Iron from ferrous sulphate heptahydrate is unlikely to modify the iron concentration in edible tissues and products of animal origin. Consumer exposure in the EU is not associated with a risk of excess iron intake to the general population. Therefore, the FEEDAP Panel does not foresee any concern for consumer safety resulting from the use of ferrous sulphate heptahydrate in animal nutrition, provided that the maximum iron content in complete feedingstuffs is respected. Ferrous sulphate heptahydrate is an irritant and corrosive to the skin, eyes and respiratory tract; thus, handling of the additive poses a hazard to the user/worker. Considering the high background concentration of iron and sulphur in soil and water, the supplementation of feed with ferrous sulphate heptahydrate is not expected to pose an environmental risk. Ferrous sulphate heptahydrate is an effective source of iron for all animal species and categories. The FEEDAP Panel recommends that the currently authorised maximum iron content in complete feed be reduced for bovines and poultry from 750 to 450 mg Fe/kg, and for pets from 1250 to 600 mg Fe/kg. © European Food Safety Authority, 2014 KEY WORDSnutritional additive, compounds of trace elements, iron, ferrous sulphate heptahydrate, safety, environment, efficacy

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The acute toxicity of ferrous salts administered to dogs by mouth

Cited by 15 publications

References 14 publications

Ferric maltol therapy for iron deficiency anaemia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: long‐term extension data from a Phase 3 study

Ferric maltol therapy for iron deficiency anaemia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: long‐term extension data from a Phase 3 study

Iron Intoxication in a Dog Consequent to the Ingestion of Oxygen Absorber Sachets in Pet Treat Packaging

Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of iron compounds (E1) as feed additives for all species: ferrous sulphate heptahydrate based on a dossier submitted by Kronos International, Inc.

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