The AD 365 Crete earthquake and possible seismic clustering during the fourth to sixth centuries AD in the Eastern Mediterranean: a review of historical and archaeological data

Stiros, Stathis C.

doi:10.1016/s0191-8141(00)00118-8

Cited by 191 publications

(155 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…This situation led to the identification of this event with the AD 365 Crete earthquake-tsunami in more recent catalogues. However, Stiros (2001) showed that the present available data do not provide support to assign seismic damage evidence beyond Libya-Sicily (i.e Tunis or Algeria) to the Crete event, and the reported damage in these areas may be simply related to other local earthquakes, occurred during the socalled bEarly Bizantine Tectonic ParoxysmQ in the Mediterranean area (4th-6th centuries AD; Stiros, 2001).…”

Section: The Earthquake Problemmentioning

confidence: 95%

Archaeoseismic record at the ancient Roman City of Baelo Claudia (Cádiz, south Spain)

et al. 2005

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This study represents the first paleoseismic approach in Spain in which archaeological remains are considered. The ancient Roman city of Baelo Claudia (1st-4th centuries AD), located at the axial zone of the Gibraltar Strait (Cadiz, south Spain), contains abundant disrupted architectural relics and ground collapses (i.e. landsliding, liquefacion) probably related to historic earthquake damage of intensity IX-X MSK. The archaeological stratigraphy of the city evidence two major episodes of abrupt city destruction bracketed in AD 40-60 and AD 350-395 separated by an intervening horizon of demolition for city rebuilding, otherwise characteristic for many earthquake-damaged archaeological sites in the Mediterranean. The second episode led the eventual city abandonment, and it is evidenced by good examples of column collapse, distortion, failure and breakdown of house and city walls, and pavement warping and disruptions documented during different archaeological excavations, which can be catalogued as secondary coseismic effects. Main damaged relicts observable today are the set of pop-up like arrays and warping developed in the ancient Roman pavement. Their analysis indicate an anomalous westwards ground displacement oblique to the main gentle southward slope of the topography, as also evidence failures, collapses and breakdown of walls and columns, suggesting that stress acted in a broad SW-NE/WSW-ENE orientation consistent whit the expectable motion along the largest NE-SW strike-slip faults of the zone, which in turn can be catalogued as seismic sources of moderate events (ca. 5 mb). Major disruptions and city abandonment were hesitantly related to relatively far strong earthquakes occurred during the late 4th century AD in the Mediterranean or western coast of Iberia by Menanteau et al. [Menanteau, L., Vanney, J.R., Zazo, C., 1983. Belo II : Belo et son environment (Detroit de Gibraltar), Etude physique d'un site antique. Pub. Casa de Velazquez, Serie Archeologie 4., Ed. Broccard, París.]. However, this study indicates that the occurrence of close moderate earthquakes jointly with the unstable character of the ground at the zone (site effect) is a more reliable hypothesis to explain the observed deformations. D

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Section: The Earthquake Problemmentioning

confidence: 95%

Archaeoseismic record at the ancient Roman City of Baelo Claudia (Cádiz, south Spain)

et al. 2005

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“…The paroxysmal eruption of Santorini (known also as the Late Bronze Age or LBA eruption) was very large and appears to have generated multiple tsunamis that involved a large part of the eastern Mediterranean (Dominey-Howes, 2004 and reference therein). The 365 A.D. earthquake was located in Crete (e.g., Stiros, 2001), but according to written sources and archaeological data (Guidoboni et al, 1994), its tsunami effects were observed in continental Greece, Adriatic Sea, Sicily and North Africa.…”

Section: Historical Recordmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geological evidence for paleotsunamis along eastern Sicily (Italy): an overview

Martini

Barbano

Pantosti

et al. 2012

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. We present geological evidence for paleotsunamis along the ∼230 km-long coast of eastern Sicily (Italy); combining this information with historical data, we reconstruct a unique history of tsunami inundations. We integrate data on 38 paleotsunami deposits (from fine sand layers to boulders) collected at 11 sites (one offshore). The geological data record traces of large tsunamis which have occurred during the past 4 millennia. Chronological constrains include 14 C, 210 Pb and 137 Cs, OSL and tephrochronology. When compatible, the age of the paleotsunami deposits is associated to historical events, but it is also used to highlight unknown tsunamis. Average tsunami recurrence interval (between 320 and 840 yr) and minimum inland tsunami ingressions (often greater than the historical ones) were estimated at several sites. On the basis of this work, the tsunami catalogue is implemented by two unknown tsunamis which occurred during the first millennium BC and by one unknown regional tsunami, which occurred in 650-770 AD. By including this latter event in the eastern Sicily catalogue, we estimate an average recurrence interval for strong tsunamis of ca. 385 yr.Comparison and merging of historical and geological data can definitely contribute to a better understanding of regional and local tsunami potential and provides robust parameters to be used in tsunami hazard estimates.

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“…According to the catalogue of historic earthquakes of the Aegean region compiled by Papazachos et al (2000) the largest documented event with a magnitude of about M w 8.3 (Papazachos et al, 2000;Stiros, 2001) occurred in 365 AD in the western forearc of the subduction zone south-west of Crete and it is suggested that this event caused the observed coastline uplifts of up to 9 m on western Crete and up to 2.5 m on the adjacent island of Antikythira (Pirazzoli, 1996;Stiros, 2001;Shaw et al, 2008).…”

Section: Seismicity Of the Hszmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seismicity at the convergent plate boundary offshore Crete, Greece, observed by an amphibian network

et al. 2009

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The AD 365 Crete earthquake and possible seismic clustering during the fourth to sixth centuries AD in the Eastern Mediterranean: a review of historical and archaeological data

Cited by 191 publications

References 20 publications

Archaeoseismic record at the ancient Roman City of Baelo Claudia (Cádiz, south Spain)

Archaeoseismic record at the ancient Roman City of Baelo Claudia (Cádiz, south Spain)

Geological evidence for paleotsunamis along eastern Sicily (Italy): an overview

Seismicity at the convergent plate boundary offshore Crete, Greece, observed by an amphibian network

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