“…Biofilms with stratified structure are never uniform and have different thickness and coverage at different positions of the metal surface, as shown in Figure 6A, 8A. There are different trends for bacterial density, bacterial activity and dissolved oxygen concentration with different biofilm thicknesses (Guo et al, 2017; Liu T. et al, 2018; Liu et al, 2019). Additionally, metabolic activity of bacteria in biofilm makes chemical environment near metal surface much different from that in bulk solution, such as ion species, concentration, pH, and oxygen level (Yuan and Pehkonen, 2007; Xu et al, 2013, 2016; Jia et al, 2018).…”