The adjuvant aluminum fate – Metabolic tale based on the basics of chemistry and biochemistry

Global Proteomic Profile of Aluminum-Induced Hippocampal Impairments in Rats: Are Low Doses of Aluminum Really Safe?

“…The human environment is broadly polluted with aluminum (Al), the third most abundant element in the Earth’s crust, frequently found in combination with oxygen and other elements in bedrocks, soil, and sediments [ 1 ]. It is known for use in the production of household items, pans, packaging, construction, and transportation [ 2 ]; next, Al is used for vaccines manufacturing, where it performs the function of adjuvant to stabilize and preserve them [ 3 ] and also in the process of water treatment for removal of particulate materials [ 4 ]. Its exposure can be environmentally associated with acid rain, due to its high solubility capacity in acidic environments, and ultimately can lead to high levels of Al in plants, spices, cereals, vegetables, or grains, which can later be used for food products such as teas, food additives, coffee or granular products [ 5 ].…”

Nanoadjuvants: Promising Bioinspired and Biomimetic Approaches in Vaccine Innovation

“…By activating proton pumps like divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), endocytosed Fe 3+ is transported to cytoplasm along with alum ions, taken up by mitochondria and subsequently neutralized, and the cycle goes on (Figure ). The neutralization cycle burdens mitochondria through ROS production, DNA damage, and sentinel cell proliferation, and also leads to the loss of viability of the affected cell …”

“…The neutralization cycle burdens mitochondria through ROS production, DNA damage, and sentinel cell proliferation, and also leads to the loss of viability of the affected cell. 42 Oil-in-Water Emulsion. An emulsion is a mixture of two immiscible liquids whose stability is maintained through mechanical shear and surfactant.…”

Neonatal hepatitis B vaccination: Reevaluating timing and adjuvants for enhanced safety and effectiveness

“…The cells of the NN's central nervous system (CNS) are undoubtedly at the highest risk due to the fact that the CNS is extremely underdeveloped, and toxicology has clearly shown that the less developed the tissue, the more pronounced the toxic effects of the toxin, 13 as it has already been discussed. 14,15 Cells with high density of transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) uptake most of the circulating Al 3þ , since in circulation aluminum is bound to transferrin (Tf). TfR1 is located on the cell surface and the level of TfR1 is modified by iron statusless iron in body will result in increased TfR1 expression while sufficient levels of iron lead to decreased TfR1 levels.…”

“…Moreover, once again and now for the fourth time we call for the immediate suspension of all vaccination with vaccines that contain aluminum as an adjuvant for children aged up to 12 months, that is until the child starts walking and until scientists replace aluminum with calcium (as was the practice in France before 1985) or with zinc or a nonmetallic adjuvant such as microcrystalline tyrosine or monosodium urate. 14,15,23 At the same time, sustained efforts should be made to create so-called mucosal vaccines against diphtheria, pertussis, 24 measles, mumps and rubella. Meanwhile, all the children born to hepatitis B positive mothers, regardless of their place of birth (i.e., low risk or high-risk countries) must be vaccinated against hepatitis B, even with the current vaccines, as the benefits from vaccines by far outweigh potential harm caused by adjuvant aluminum.…”