“…Although various approaches are applied in practice, the existing literature studies ERM at a high level of aggregation; several studies rely on data on the appointment of a Chief Risk Officer (CRO) as their sole indicator for the implementation of ERM (Beasley et al, 2008;Liebenberg and Hoyt, 2003;Pagach and Warr, 2011). Others use ordinal scales ranging from, 'no plans exist to implement ERM' to 'complete ERM is in place' to capture applied ERM approaches (Beasley et al, 2005;Paape and Speklé, 2012). While this research addresses neither the particularities of applied ERM approaches nor differences in approaches, it does demonstrate an increasing interest in analysing how ERM is applied in practice (Mikes, 2009;Wahlström, 2009).…”