“…In all three of these cases, the acid is deprotonated by interaction with the Cu surface to form, respectively, glycinate (NH 2 CH 2 COO) and alaninate (NH 2 CH 3 CHCOO) species that bond to the surface through both of the carboxylate O atoms and the amino N atom, all three atoms occupying single-coordinated sites. This bonding configuration is consistent with a number of studies using electronic [7,8] and vibrational spectroscopy [9,10,11], and also scanning tunnelling microscopy [12,13,14,15,16,17] and density functional theory (DFT) calculations [18,19]. Some of these spectroscopic studies, however, do indicate that at different surface coverages, or in less well-ordered overlayers, other chemisorption bonding configurations probably occur involving only one or both of the carboxylate O atoms.…”