The Adult Central Nervous System: Anatomy and Physiology

Tripathi, Punita; Sieber, Frederick E.

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-17410-1_1

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…In fact, cell differentiation, migration, proliferation, survival, synapse formation, and axonal growth also mainly depend on the interaction between glial cells and the extracellular matrix. The spinal cord has three main arteries supplying blood, and the blood distribution between different segments is not identical, and the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) plays a protective role in the spinal cord [ 11 ] .…”

Section: Anatomy and Physiology Function Of The Spinal Cordmentioning

confidence: 99%

[Retracted] Recent Advances in Cell and Functional Biomaterial Treatment for Spinal Cord Injury

Liu

Zhu

Zhang

et al. 2022

BioMed Research International

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Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating central nervous system disease caused by accidental events, resulting in loss of sensory and motor function. Considering the multiple effects of primary and secondary injuries after spinal cord injury, including oxidative stress, tissue apoptosis, inflammatory response, and neuronal autophagy, it is crucial to understand the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, local microenvironment changes, and neural tissue functional recovery for preparing novel treatment strategies. Treatment based on cell transplantation has become the forefront of spinal cord injury therapy. The transplanted cells provide physical and nutritional support for the damaged tissue. At the same time, the implantation of biomaterials with specific biological functions at the site of the SCI has also been proved to improve the local inhibitory microenvironment and promote axonal regeneration, etc. The combined transplantation of cells and functional biomaterials for SCI treatment can result in greater neuroprotective and regenerative effects by regulating cell differentiation, enhancing cell survival, and providing physical and directional support for axon regeneration and neural circuit remodeling. This article reviews the pathophysiology of the spinal cord, changes in the microenvironment after injury, and the mechanisms and strategies for spinal cord regeneration and repair. The article will focus on summarizing and discussing the latest intervention models based on cell and functional biomaterial transplantation and the latest progress in combinational therapies in SCI repair. Finally, we propose the future prospects and challenges of current treatment regimens for SCI repair, to provide references for scientists and clinicians to seek better SCI repair strategies in the future.

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Section: Anatomy and Physiology Function Of The Spinal Cordmentioning

confidence: 99%

[Retracted] Recent Advances in Cell and Functional Biomaterial Treatment for Spinal Cord Injury

Liu

Zhu

Zhang

et al. 2022

BioMed Research International

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“…Association areas are especially important, in combining different sensory inputs with the processing of subcortical areas to give rise to high-order cognitive tasks. The association functions include generally everything related to language, analyzing information, memorizing, planning, and conscious thinking (creativity) [ 21 ].…”

Section: Firing Patterns In the Cortex And Simple Neuron Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Computational Model of the Brain Cortex and Its Synchronization

Kbah

2020

BioMed Research International

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Obtaining the computational models for the functioning of the brain gives us a chance to understand the brain functionality thoroughly. This would help the development of better treatments for neurological illnesses and disorders. We created a cortical model using Python language using the Brian simulator. The Brian simulator is specialized in simulating the neuronal connections and synaptic interconnections. The dynamic connection model has multiple parameters in order to ensure an accurate simulation (Bowman, 2016). We concentrated on the connection weights and studied their effect on the interactivity and connectivity of the cortical neurons in the same cortical layer and across multiple layers. As synchronization helps us to measure the degree of correlation between two or more neuronal groups, the synchronization between the neuronal groups, which are connected across layers, is considered. Despite its obvious importance, there are no sufficient studies concerned about the synchronization in the simulated cortical models. Such studies can help in examining the hypothesis and the dynamical behavior of the simulated model. In this paper, we simulated a cortical model and dynamical behavior and then studied the effect of input noise on its internal neuronal networks and their synchronization.

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“…Finalmente, el cerebro está formado por los hemisferios cerebrales derecho e izquierdo, que están conectados por el cuerpo calloso. La médula espinal tiene una estructura segmentaria con raíces dorsales y ventrales que surgen en cada lado a intervalos más o menos regulares [5].…”

Section: Conceptounclassified

Variabilidad de la frecuencia de pulso mediante análisis no lineal en pacientes con síndrome de apnea del sueño y enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC)

Fernández¹

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Background. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by a persistent and commonly progressive airflow limitation consequent to an abnormal inflammatory response of the airway and lung tissue due to noxious particles and gases. COPD is among the most common lung diseases, with an estimated prevalence of 9%, becoming a major health problem worldwide. COPD patients show major dysfunction in cardiac autonomic modulation due to sustained hypoxemia, which has been significantly related to higher risk of cardiovascular disease. A substantial number of patients suffering from COPD have major comorbidities, which is linked with diminished health status and quality of life. In this regard, sleep disorders are commonly present in COPD patients. Particularly, sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) is a frequent comorbidity in COPD. It has been found that patients suffering from both COPD and SAHS simultaneously, the so-called overlap syndrome, have notably higher morbidity and mortality, mostly in the context of cardiovascular disease. Patients showing both conditions have significant imbalances in cardiac autonomic modulation compared to those with COPD or SAHS alone. Heart rate variability (HRV) has been found to be useful to assess changes in autonomic functioning in different clinical conditions. Traditional analysis of HRV recordings has shown that patients with overlap syndrome are characterized by a reduced resting HRV, which has been related to increased risk of cardiac disease. However, there is viii still little scientific evidence on the magnitude of changes in cardiovascular dynamics elicited by the combined effect of both respiratory diseases, primarily during sleep, when apneic events occur. Due to the chaotic behavior of the HRV signal, nonlinear methods are able to gain insight into the influence of COPD and SAHS in the autonomic cardiac modulation. Hypothesis and objectives. In this PhD Thesis, the hypothesis is twofold. Firstly, it is hypothesized that patients with COPD and SAHS simultaneously show higher changes in the autonomic cardiac modulation than patients suffering from either COPD or SAHS alone. Secondly, it is hypothesized that nonlinear analysis is able to provide complementary information to conventional analyses on the characterization of the long-term changes in overnight cardiovascular dynamics of COPD patients due to the presence of concomitant moderate-to-severe SAHS. Accordingly, this study is aimed at assessing the usefulness of sample entropy (SampEn) to distinguish changes in nocturnal pulse rate variability (PRV) recordings among three patient groups while sleeping: (1) COPD patients without moderate or severe sleep apnea; (2) moderate-to-severe SAHS patients without prior history of COPD; and (3) patients showing both COPD and moderate-to-severe SAHS, i.e., overlap syndrome. Material and Methods. In order to achieve this goal, a population composed of 297 patients were studied: 22 with COPD alone, 213 showing moderate-to-severe SAHS, and 62 with COPD and moderate-to...

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The Adult Central Nervous System: Anatomy and Physiology

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

[Retracted] Recent Advances in Cell and Functional Biomaterial Treatment for Spinal Cord Injury

[Retracted] Recent Advances in Cell and Functional Biomaterial Treatment for Spinal Cord Injury

A Computational Model of the Brain Cortex and Its Synchronization

Variabilidad de la frecuencia de pulso mediante análisis no lineal en pacientes con síndrome de apnea del sueño y enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC)

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