This study investigates the incorporation of the ionic liquid 1-(hydroxyethyl)-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate ([EtOHMIM+][HSO4−]) into polystyrene (PS) to enhance its dielectric and thermal properties. The structural integration of the ionic liquid within the PS matrix was confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy, which revealed molecular-level interactions and the successful doping of PS. Thermal analysis via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed significant shifts in PS properties post-doping, including a reduction in the glass transition temperature and new thermal transitions, indicative of increased molecular mobility and thermal flexibility. Dielectric properties were evaluated across a range of temperatures and frequencies. The PS-IL composite exhibited a considerable increase in dielectric constant with temperature, especially at frequencies above 1 kHz, peaking around the melting temperature of the ionic liquid. This enhancement is attributed to ionic conduction facilitated by the [EtOHMIM+][HSO4−], which introduces additional charge carriers and polarizable sites. Dielectric loss analysis further indicated energy dissipation mechanisms associated with ionic conduction and dipolar relaxation at elevated temperatures. Electrical conductivity measurements demonstrated a thermally activated behavior in the PS-IL composite, with increased conductivity due to the mobility of charge carriers within the doped matrix. The findings indicate that doping PS with [EtOHMIM+][HSO4−] significantly improves its dielectric and thermal characteristics, positioning the composite as a promising candidate for applications requiring high dielectric performance and tunable conductivity, such as in energy storage and electronic devices. This research provides insights into ionic liquid-polymer interactions, advancing the design of functional polymeric materials with tailored electrical and thermal properties.