The adverse effects of policing on population health: A conceptual model

Simckes, Maayan; Willits, Dale; McFarland, Michael J.; McFarland, Cheryl A. S.; Rowhani-Rahbar, Ali; Hajat, Anjum

doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114103

Cited by 27 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 99 publications

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“…Viewing police violence toward Black children and adults has become unsettlingly commonplace and can be conceptualized as vicarious police violence . We define vicarious police violence as witnessing or hearing about violence perpetrated by police officers via family, community, social networks, or media outlets (Simckes et al, 2021). The current study investigated physiological and affective responses to vicarious police violence, and how racial identity (i.e., the significance and meaning attributed to racial membership; Sellers et al, 1998) influences these associations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychophysiological and affective reactivity to vicarious police violence

2022

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Little is known about how vicarious police violence, or instances of police violence observed but not directly experienced, impacts health among Black individuals. Using a lab-based paradigm in a sample of young adults (N = 101), this study examined: (a) psychophysiological reactivity to instances of vicarious police violence, particularly the assault and shooting of Black individuals; (b) affective reactivity to instances of vicarious police violence; and (c) how racial identity, one important moderator, influences psychophysiological and affective responses to vicarious police violence. Using electrocardiography and impedance cardiography, participants' cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic physiological responses were continuously monitored. Three sets of high-quality color photographs (neutral, non-violent distress, violence) were viewed on a computer.Participants rated their affect after each set using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Following this task, racial identity was assessed using the Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity-Short Form. Findings indicated that vicarious police violence was associated with greater sympathetic reactivity and negative affect relative to the neutral and non-violent distress conditions. Additionally, higher levels of racial centrality exacerbated the association between vicarious police violence and negative affect. Findings suggest that Black individuals may wish to limit their consumption of media depicting the assault and shooting of other Black individuals, with the caveat that the best solution is ultimately the cessation of police violence.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychophysiological and affective reactivity to vicarious police violence

2022

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“…Despite mounting evidence demonstrating the negative effects of frequent policing, 2 , 24 there remains a need to quantify associations between police encounters and health and well-being, including community violence.We acknowledge, however, that the link between frequent policing and violence is cyclical and compounding, affecting not only additional potential acts of interpersonal or community violence 8 , 25 , 26 but also physiologic responses that may affect health. 27 Adopting the conceptual model of Maayan Simckes and colleagues, 27 we examined the association between frequent policing and both individual (for example, health and behavior) and community-level outcomes, examined at the community level.…”

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confidence: 99%

Neighborhood Police Encounters, Health, And Violence In A Southern City

et al. 2022

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The disproportionate rates of police surveillance and encounters in many communities in the US may be contributing to inequities in health and violence. Frequent policing in communities, which may often also be aggressive policing, has been associated with diminished health and well-being. This study adds to the growing body of research on this issue by examining the relationships between neighborhood police stop-and-frisk encounters and both health outcomes and violence rates in New Orleans, Louisiana, in an ecological, cross-sectional study using local police report, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and census data. The average rate of police stop-and-frisk encounters was more than three times higher for Black adults compared with their White counterparts. Even after we accounted for concentrated disadvantage (a high percentage of residents of lower socioeconomic status) and residential racial and income segregation, neighborhoods with higher rates of encounters had significantly higher prevalence rates of smoking, physical inactivity, and poor physical health, and they experienced significantly more violent crime (18.35 more per 1,000) and domestic violence (49.91 more per 1,000) events than neighborhoods with lower levels of police encounters. There is a need for strengthened policy focused on the relationship between frequent policing and health and violence outcomes.

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“…For instance, the health outcome risks associated with incarceration and preincarceration are unknown because these risks have not been adequately studied. 7…”

Section: Firearm-related Violence and Homicidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…But what is not known with certainty are the health effects or even poor health outcomes for those who come in close proximity or experience the sustained presence of the criminal legal system. For instance, the health outcome risks associated with incarceration and preincarceration are unknown because these risks have not been adequately studied …”

Section: The Criminal Legal System and Racial Inequitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%