The Aerobiological Pathway of a Fish Pathogen: Survival and Dissemination of <i>Aeromonas salmonicida</i> in Aerosols and its Implications in Fish Health Management

Wooster, Gregory A.; Bowser, Paul R.

doi:10.1111/j.1749-7345.1996.tb00588.x

Cited by 27 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Control tanks were intermixed with the infected tanks on the same racks to randomize differences in extraneous stressors such as light and the position of the tank in the room. Aerosol transmission has been reported for fish pathogens including Aeromonas salmonicida and Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Wooster and Bowser 1996). Microsporidian spores are capable of surviving relatively long periods outside the host (Shaw et al 2000a) and this may have facilitated transmission of Pseudoloma to the control and stress tanks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pseudoloma neurophilia infections in zebrafish Danio rerio: effects of stress on survival, growth, and reproduction

Ramsay¹,

Watral²,

Schreck³

et al. 2009

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Pseudoloma neurophilia (Microsporidia) is a common disease of zebrafish, Danio rerio, including those used as research models. We conducted a study comprised of four separate experiments to determine the effects of husbandry stress on pre-existing and experimental Pseudoloma infections and the subsequent effects on survival, infection onset and intensity, fish growth and reproduction. In fish (AB strain) with pre-existing infections, stress or feeding cortisol significantly increased mortality over 7 wk compared to no stress or cortisol treatment. In contrast, no mortality was observed in fish (TL strain) experimentally-exposed to Pseudoloma over 10 wk. A third experiment involved experimental exposure of AB fish to Pseudoloma and exposure to crowding and handling stressors. No mortality was associated with Pseudoloma regardless of stress treatment over a 20 wk period. However, the onset of infection occurred sooner in stress-treated fish. Stress significantly increased the mean intensity of infection (described as xenoma area/spinal cord area in histological sections) at wk 20 PE (post-exposure). In fish with pre-existing infections, myositis was significantly greater in stressed and cortisol-treated fish than those not stressed. With experimental exposure of AB fish, stressed and infected groups weighed significantly less than the control group at wk 20 PE. Regarding fecundity, the number of larvae hatched at 5 days post fertilization was negatively associated with mean infection intensity among Pseudoloma-infected and stressed AB fish. These experiments are the first to show empirically that Pseudoloma can be associated with reduced weight and fecundity, and that stress can exacerbate the severity of the infection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pseudoloma neurophilia infections in zebrafish Danio rerio: effects of stress on survival, growth, and reproduction

Ramsay¹,

Watral²,

Schreck³

et al. 2009

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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show abstract

“…comm.). Aerosols may also potentially serve to transfer fish pathogens (Wooster & Bowser 1996), especially in the Hagerman Valley, which experiences strong winds and a significant amount of heavy mist which forms in the winter because the spring water is 15°C while air temperatures can commonly be -4°C (SE LaPatra, Clear Springs Foods, pers. comm.).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular epidemiology of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus reveals complex virus traffic and evolution within southern Idaho aquaculture

Troyer¹,

Kurath²

2003

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is a rhabdovirus which infects salmon and trout and may cause disease with up to 90% mortality. In the Hagerman Valley of Idaho, IHNV is endemic or epidemic among numerous fish farms and resource mitigation hatcheries. A previous study characterizing the genetic diversity among 84 IHNV isolates at 4 virus-endemic rainbow trout farms indicated that multiple lineages of relatively high diversity co-circulated at these facilities (Troyer et al. 2000 J Gen Virol. 81:2823-2832. We tested the hypothesis that high IHNV genetic diversity and co-circulating lineages are present in aquaculture facilities throughout this region. In this study, 73 virus isolates from 14 rainbow trout farms and 3 state hatcheries in the Hagerman Valley, isolated between 1978 and 1999, were genetically characterized by sequence analysis of a 303 nucleotide region of the glycoprotein gene. Phylogenetic and epidemiological analyses showed that multiple IHNV lineages co-circulate in a complex pattern throughout private trout farms and state hatcheries in the valley. IHNV maintained within the valley appears to have evolved significantly over the 22 yr study period. KEY WORDS: IHNV · Molecular epidemiology · Virus evolution · Fish virus · Idaho trout · RhabdovirusResale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher Dis Aquat Org 55: [175][176][177][178][179][180][181][182][183][184][185] 2003 ase (RNase) protection assay and direct nucleotide sequencing (Anderson et al. 2000, Troyer et al. 2000, Emmenegger & Kurath 2002. Collectively, these studies support the hypothesis that IHNV strain-relatedness generally correlates with geography rather than host species or temporal factors.The state of Idaho accounts for 75% of U.S. foodsize trout production 1 . The majority of this industry is located along a stretch of the Snake River in southcentral Idaho associated with an abundance of water flowing from the Eastern Snake River Aquifer through numerous natural springs. For the purposes of simplicity and clarity, this region of intensive Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) aquaculture, encompassing the Twin Falls to Hagerman reach of the mid-Snake River from river mile 610 to river mile 569, is referred to in this study as the 'Hagerman Valley,' although it exceeds the technical boundaries of what is commonly known as the Hagerman Valley. Rainbow trout have been farmed continuously in this region since 1928, and the area also has federal and state hatcheries that primarily raise rainbow trout and steelhead trout (Brannon & Klontz 1989). Currently there are 3 state fish hatcheries, 1 national fish hatchery, and approximately 100 trout farms of various sizes (G. Fornshell, University of Idaho Extension, pers. comm.). These facilities are served by a variety of water sources which include: first-use spring water piped directly to the facility, first-use spring water channeled via unprotected waterway, and surface water with previous uses (such as irrigation or fish culture...

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“…5 The aerosol pathway of Aeromonas salmonicida has been investigated. 6 The source was an infected tank of water containing an air diffuser and A. salmonicida was shown to travel over one metre from its source and remain viable. A. salmonicida has been isolated from sputum of adult patients with CF.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lung colonization with Aeromonas hydrophila in cystic fibrosis believed to have come from a tropical fish tank

Cremonesini

Thomson

2008

J R Soc Med

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The Aerobiological Pathway of a Fish Pathogen: Survival and Dissemination of Aeromonas salmonicida in Aerosols and its Implications in Fish Health Management

Cited by 27 publications

References 8 publications

Pseudoloma neurophilia infections in zebrafish Danio rerio: effects of stress on survival, growth, and reproduction

Pseudoloma neurophilia infections in zebrafish Danio rerio: effects of stress on survival, growth, and reproduction

Molecular epidemiology of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus reveals complex virus traffic and evolution within southern Idaho aquaculture

Lung colonization with Aeromonas hydrophila in cystic fibrosis believed to have come from a tropical fish tank

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