The AFL penetrometer study: Work in progress

Orchard, John

doi:10.1016/s1440-2440(01)80032-3

Cited by 54 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…This finding is in agreement with Canaway and Baker who found moisture content to be the dominant factor controlling surface hardness, and with Orchard, who concluded that natural surface hardness decreases as moisture content increases [23,28].…”

Section: Discussion Of Normal Impact Test Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Although advances in understanding the behaviour of natural turf systems have been made [31,32], the high number of variables makes understanding the effects of an individual variable on player traction difficult. Orchard hypothesised a relationship model between surface traction, surface hardness, ground conditions and stud length which states that surface hardness and shoe-surface traction decrease with increasing soil moisture content [28]. This is in agreement with Canaway and Baker who concluded that moisture content is the dominant factor controlling surface hardness in natural sand-based soccer surfaces [23].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 67%

“…The tractional behaviour of a natural turf system has been found to be affected by a number of system and environmental variables-these are reported to include: particle make-up (termed 'mineralogy'); ground cover; grass species; grass root length and density; grass length; compaction; bulk density; temperature; and moisture content [23,24,28,[30][31][32]. Although advances in understanding the behaviour of natural turf systems have been made [31,32], the high number of variables makes understanding the effects of an individual variable on player traction difficult.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The influence of gravimetric moisture content on studded shoe–surface interactions in soccer

Clarke

Carré

2016

Sports Eng

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It is desirable for the studs of a soccer shoe to penetrate the sport surface and provide the player with sufficient traction when accelerating. Mechanical tests are often used to measure the traction of shoe-surface combinations. Mechanical testing offers a repeatable measure of shoe-surface traction, eliminating the inherent uncertainties that exist when human participant testing is employed, and are hence used to directly compare the performance of shoe-surface combinations. However, the influence specific surface characteristics has on traction is often overlooked. Examining the influence of surface characteristics on mechanical test results improves the understanding of the traction mechanisms at the shoesurface interface. This allows footwear developers to make informed decisions on the design of studded outsoles. The aim of this paper is to understand the effect gravimetric moisture content has on the tribological mechanisms at play during stud-surface interaction. This study investigates the relationships between: the gravimetric moisture content of a natural sand-based soccer surface; surface stiffness measured via a bespoke impact test device; and surface traction measured via a bespoke mechanical test device. Regression analysis revealed that surface stiffness decreases linearly with increased gravimetric moisture content (p = 0.04). Traction was found to initially increase and then decrease with gravimetric moisture content. It was observed that: a surface of low moisture content provides low stud penetration and therefore reduced traction; a surface of high moisture content provides high stud penetration but also reduced traction due to a lubricating effect; and surfaces with moisture content in between the two extremes provide increased traction. In this study a standard commercially available stud was used and other studs may provide slightly different results. The results provide insight into the traction mechanisms at the stud-surface interface which are described in the paper. The variation between traction measurements shows the influence gravimetric moisture content will have on player performance. This highlights the requirement to understand surface conditions prior to making comparative shoe-surface traction studies and the importance of using a studded outsole that is appropriate to the surface condition during play.

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Section: Discussion Of Normal Impact Test Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The influence of gravimetric moisture content on studded shoe–surface interactions in soccer

Clarke

Carré

2016

Sports Eng

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“…Mechanical properties of the impact interface have been found to influence player injury risk, for example, a greater incidence of overuse injuries has been found while running in harder shoes and on harder surfaces (Andreasson & Olofsson, 1983). A harder surface can lead to damage of the cartilage (Orchard, 2001) whereas a too compliant surface can lead to early leg-muscle fatigue (Millet et al, 2006). There is some research evidence that increased ground reaction forces (levels of impact and rates of loading) and altered joint movement patterns (kinematics) yielded when performing on harder surfaces can cause overuse injury (James et al, 1978;Nigg et al, 2003).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomechanical Response to Changes in Natural Turf During Running and Turning

Stiles¹,

Guisasola²,

James³

et al. 2011

Journal of Applied Biomechanics

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Integrated biomechanical and engineering assessments were used to determine how humans responded to variations in turf during running and turning. Ground reaction force (AMTI, 960 Hz) and kinematic data (Vicon Peak Motus, 120 Hz) were collected from eight participants during running (3.83 m/s) and turning (10 trials per condition) on three natural turf surfaces in the laboratory. Surface hardness (Clegg hammer) and shear strength (cruciform shear vane) were measured before and after participant testing. Peak loading rate during running was significantly higher (p < .05) on the least hard surface (sandy; 101.48 BW/s ± 23.3) compared with clay (84.67 BW/s ± 22.9). There were no significant differences in running kinematics. Compared with the "medium" condition, fifth MTP impact velocities during turning were significantly (RM-ANOVA, p < .05) lower on clay (resultant: 2.30 m/s [± 0.68] compared with 2.64 m/s [± 0.70]), which was significantly (p < .05) harder "after" and had the greatest shear strength both "before" and "after" participant testing. This unique finding suggests that further study of foot impact velocities are important to increase understanding of overuse injury mechanisms.

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“…To quantify shoe-surface interactions mechanical tests are often used to manipulate outsoles across surfaces; ranging from penetrometers to motor-driven traction test devices [5][6][7][8][9]. Traditionally two types of mechanical tests are used to assess traction: (1) measuring the translational traction by pulling a studded shoe or plate across a surface and recording the resistance to motion, or (2) determining the rotational traction by measuring the torque required to rotate a shoe or plate when in contact with a surface.…”

Section: Page 2 Of 17mentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of studded shoe–surface interaction metrics during in situ performance analysis

et al. 2014

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Interaction between studded footwear and performance surfaces plays an important role in sport. Discretising this interaction into quantifiable measurements can help optimise design of outsoles and identify parameters for performance testing in situ. Here we describe the development and validity of an image based three-dimensional (3D) measurement system to investigate shoe-surface interactions during locomotion performance in situ by eight skilled footballers. By calculating individual stud positions, results revealed that the 3D kinematic data could be distilled to a number of shoe-surface interaction metrics such as orientation, velocity, translation distance and location of the centre of rotation. Findings show how the measurement system and simple analysis methods can be used to provide informative shoe-surface interaction metrics from in situ performance capture for the footwear community.

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The AFL penetrometer study: Work in progress

Cited by 54 publications

References 15 publications

The influence of gravimetric moisture content on studded shoe–surface interactions in soccer

The influence of gravimetric moisture content on studded shoe–surface interactions in soccer

Biomechanical Response to Changes in Natural Turf During Running and Turning

Measurement of studded shoe–surface interaction metrics during in situ performance analysis

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