Background and introductionThe 2017 report of the Commission for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities (CRL Rights Commission) on the state of religion in South Africa has created palpable consternation within the Christian community. The commission's findings and recommendations are contained in its Report of the Hearings on the Commercialisation of Religion and Abuse of People's Belief Systems (2017). The commission recommended the regulation of religious communities in South Africa to curb 'the commercialisation of religion and the abuse of people's belief systems' after carrying out its 'extensive investigation' or 'investigative study' (CRL Rights Commission 2017:4, 6). The investigation was conducted in response to media reports of controversial activities in some Charismatic and Pentecostal churches in South Africa (CRL Rights Commission 2017:6).The CRL Rights Commission is one of the six Chapter 9 institutions, designated as 'state institutions supporting constitutional democracy' (SA Constitution 1996:92). 1 The commission is a constitutional arm of the state, operates outside government and partisan politics, and is free from interference from other state organs (CRL Rights Commission 2017:7). The Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities Act no. 19 of 2002 (CRL Act) states that the commissioners are appointed by the president of South Africa through a public nomination process administered by the Department of Traditional Affairs. The mandate of the commission is supporting constitutional democracy by promoting and protecting the cultural, religious and linguistic rights of communities. Subsection 1 of Section 185 of the constitution lists the primary objectives of the CRL Rights Commission:(a) to promote respect for the rights of cultural, religious and linguistic communities;(b) to promote and develop peace, friendship, humanity, tolerance and national unity among cultural, religious and linguistic communities, on the basis of equality, non-discrimination and free association; and 1.The other five institutions are the Public Protector, the South African Human Rights Commission, the Commission for Gender Equality, the Auditor-General and the Electoral Commission.What do the recommendations of the Commission for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities (CRL Rights Commission) to regulate religion in South Africa reflect about the commission's understanding of religion in the country? From a Christian theological perspective, the article critically engages the understanding of religion that emerges from the findings and recommendations of the CRL Rights Commission on the state of religion in South Africa as contained in its 2017 report. The article first examines the different responses to the CRL Rights Commission's recommendations by writers concerned with freedom of religion and human rights in South Africa. Further, the commission's investigation...