The Age of Olfactory Bulb Neurons in Humans

Bergmann, Olaf; Liebl, Jakob; Bernard, Samuel; Alkass, Kanar; Yeung, Maggie S. Y.; Steier, Peter; Kutschera, W.; Johnson, Lars; Landén, Mikael; Druid, Henrik; Spalding, Kirsty L.; Frisén, Jonas

doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.03.030

Cited by 335 publications

(265 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Neurogeneza u SVZ-u, koja je također dokazana u ljudskom mozgu [20][21][22] , razlikuje se u čovjeka u odnosu na ostale sisavce s obzirom na migraciju novostvorenih neuroblasta. Naime, migrirajući neuroblasti iz SVZ-a u sisavaca putuju prema OB-u 10,23,24 , moždanoj strukturi smještenoj iznad nazalne šupljine važnoj za osjet mirisa (slika 4a), dok u ljudi uglavnom putuju prema striatumu (slika 3a) u kojem sazrijevaju većinom u striatne interneurone 21,24,25 . To je struktura prozencefalona ispod moždane kore u neposrednoj blizini SVZ-a, a ima ulogu u kontroli motoričkih kretnji.…”

Section: Adultna Neurogenezaunclassified

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2017

Med. flum.

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Sažetak. Donedavno se smatralo da se živčane stanice prestaju dijeliti u ranoj postnatalnoj ži-votnoj dobi, no posljednjih 20 godina mnoga istraživanja na tom polju dokazala su suprotno. Neurogeneza u odraslom mozgu dokazana je u većine sisavaca, uključujući i čovjeka. Proces se u fiziološkim uvjetima spontano odvija pretežno u dvjema germinativnim regijama u mozgu u kojima se nalaze neuralne matične stanice; u subgranularnoj zoni dentatne vijuge hipokampusa te subventrikularnoj zoni lateralnog ventrikula. Neuralne matične stanice u njima imaju veću sposobnost proliferacije i diferencijacije prema novim budućim neuronima, astrocitima i oligodendrocitima u odnosu na neuralne matične stanice drugih područja živčanog sustava. Sposobnost proliferacije i regeneracije koju ove dvije "niše" posjeduju ima važnu ulogu u prilagodbi mozga na vanjske podražaje tijekom odrastanja i sazrijevanja, što se naziva plastičnošću mozga. Germinativne "niše" u mozgu su specifičan mikrookoliš u kojem se uskom interakcijom specifič-nih proneurogenetskih čimbenika i rezidentnih neuralnih matičnih stanica te krvožilja stvaraju strogo kontrolirani uvjeti koji omogućuju proliferaciju, diferencijaciju, migraciju i sazrijevanje neuroblasta ili glioblastate preživljenje i integraciju novonastalih neurona i glijalnih stanica u postojeće sinaptičke mreže u mozgu. U slučaju narušavanja homeostaze tih i drugih germinativna središta u mozgu, dolazi do pojave raznih psihoneuroloških poremećaja. Boljim razumijevanjem funkcioniranja germinativnih mikrookoliša u mozgu otvaraju se nove mogućnosti u neuroznanosti u pravcu manipuliranja adultnom neurogenezom potičući stvaranje neurona de novo te na taj način liječenja spomenutih psihoneuroloških poremećaja.Ključne riječi: adultna neurogeneza; neuralne matične stanice; subgranularna zona; subventrikularna zona Abstract. Tillrecently was assumed that neural cells stop dividing in early postnatal period of life, but last two decades large ammount ofresearches on that field proved contrary. There are evidences confirming existance of adult neurogenesis in most mammalian species, including humans.This process occurs spontaneouslyin physiological termsin two germinal brain regionscontaining neural stem cells; in subgranular zone of hippocampal dentate gyrus and subventricular zone of lateral ventricule.Neural stem cells in this germinal regions posses higher proliferative and differential capacity toward new future neurons, astrocytes and oligidendrocytes than neural stem cells from other regions in nervous system. Proliferative and regenerative power of this two niches has important role in brain adjustment to exterior stimuli during life which is called neuroplasticity. Germinal niches in brain are specific microenvironment in which close interaction of specific proneurogenic factors and resident neural stem cells and blood vessels form strictly controled conditions providing neuroblast and glioblast proliferation, differentiation, migration andmaturation and also survival and integration of newly created neu...

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Section: Adultna Neurogenezaunclassified

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2017

Med. flum.

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“…Higher level representations typically associated with hearing or vision, such as language or objects, can be novel throughout life, but also involve more sophisticated forms of learning, potentially even incorporating DG neurogenesis. Ultimately, this last point may explain the recent recognition that humans may not have robust OB neurogenesis (Bergmann et al 2012); the diminished importance of olfaction in human behavior compared with other modalities may have made it sufficient for DG neurogenesis to handle the novelty in the olfactory world as well.…”

Section: A Unifying View Of "Why Neurogenesis?"mentioning

confidence: 99%

Computational Modeling of Adult Neurogenesis

Aimone¹

2016

Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol

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The restriction of adult neurogenesis to only a handful of regions of the brain is suggestive of some shared requirement for this dramatic form of structural plasticity. However, a common driver across neurogenic regions has not yet been identified. Computational studies have been invaluable in providing insight into the functional role of new neurons; however, researchers have typically focused on specific scales ranging from abstract neural networks to specific neural systems, most commonly the dentate gyrus area of the hippocampus. These studies have yielded a number of diverse potential functions for new neurons, ranging from an impact on pattern separation to the incorporation of time into episodic memories to enabling the forgetting of old information. This review will summarize these past computational efforts and discuss whether these proposed theoretical functions can be unified into a common rationale for why neurogenesis is required in these unique neural circuits.T he importance of neurogenesis will be ultimately tied to its impact on the computational function of the overall circuit within which it resides. Notably, the two mammalian regions where neurogenesis is typically studied, the olfactory bulb (OB) and the dentate gyrus (DG) region of the hippocampus, have considerably different functions. The OB is a primary sensory region, essentially the equivalent of the processing layers of the retina, providing an initial transformation of raw olfactory inputs to the brain. In contrast, the hippocampus is one of the deepest structures in the brain, residing many layers away from sensory inputs and vital for episodic memory formation.Interestingly, as noted throughout this collection, although OB and DG neurogenesis share some similarities, there are sufficient differences to make it difficult to generalize across the two systems, not the least of which is the recent observation that humans likely lack OB neurogenesis. This is somewhat supported by a comparative perspective. As with mammals, neurogenesis in birds is limited to several structures with certain species, including neurogenesis in well-studied birdsong regions. Vertebrates with arguably less advanced nervous systems, such as reptiles and fish, have more widespread neurogenesis, suggesting that broad evolutionary pressures to attenuate neurogenesis in other areas of the brain led to the relative isolation of the OB and hippocampus as opposed to an evolutionary gain-of-function process common to the OB and DG. This subtle distinction has implications on how far one can hope for a shared function between these areas and, for this reason, it is not surprising that most computational studies investigating

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“…In a collaboration between the VERA lab in Vienna and the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm the olfactory bulb system in humans was investigated [21]. Here only a few microgram of DNA were available for the 14 C AMS measurements, demanding a particular careful sample preparation in every step from the human tissue to the final carbon sample [3].…”

Section: Dating Human Dna With the 14 C Bomb Peakmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Here only a few microgram of DNA were available for the 14 C AMS measurements, demanding a particular careful sample preparation in every step from the human tissue to the final carbon sample [3]. Figure 6 shows that very little if any new neurons were formed in the human olfactory bulb after birth [21], in stark contrast to rodents where 50% turnover in adulthood has been observed.…”

Section: Dating Human Dna With the 14 C Bomb Peakmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accelerator mass spectrometry – from DNA to astrophysics

Kutschera

2013

EPJ Web of Conferences

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Abstract.A brief review of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) is presented. The present work touches on a few technical aspects and recent developments of AMS, and describes two specific applications of AMS, the dating of human DNA with the 14 C bomb peak and the search for superheavy elements in nature. Since two extended general reviews on technical developments in AMS [1] and applications of AMS [2] will appear in 2013, frequent reference to these reviews is made.

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The Age of Olfactory Bulb Neurons in Humans

Cited by 335 publications

References 40 publications

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Computational Modeling of Adult Neurogenesis

Accelerator mass spectrometry – from DNA to astrophysics

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