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20s to 80s, considering phonological and lexical routes of reading. Methods: This study classified 120 normal adults into a younger group (20-39 years), middle-age group (40-59 years), and older group (60-89 years), and conducted a reading aloud task under various conditions. Results: The performance of the older group decreased in irregular words and regular nonwords compared to the younger (p < .001) and middle age (p = .001) groups. For irregular nonwords, performance of the older group decreased compared to the younger group (p = .002). Conclusion: The results show that lexical routes for reading irregular words with graphemes and phonemes not corresponding to each other are affected by aging. This signifies that the cognitive load for reading irregular nonwords grows with age; these nonwords should be read by borrowing phonological changes in words with similar phonological conditions through phonological and lexical routes. To sum up, declines in language ability and cognitive functioning and reduced attention during the normal aging process can affect the ability to use information through lexical routes, and reading that requires complex cognitive processing is more affected by aging.
20s to 80s, considering phonological and lexical routes of reading. Methods: This study classified 120 normal adults into a younger group (20-39 years), middle-age group (40-59 years), and older group (60-89 years), and conducted a reading aloud task under various conditions. Results: The performance of the older group decreased in irregular words and regular nonwords compared to the younger (p < .001) and middle age (p = .001) groups. For irregular nonwords, performance of the older group decreased compared to the younger group (p = .002). Conclusion: The results show that lexical routes for reading irregular words with graphemes and phonemes not corresponding to each other are affected by aging. This signifies that the cognitive load for reading irregular nonwords grows with age; these nonwords should be read by borrowing phonological changes in words with similar phonological conditions through phonological and lexical routes. To sum up, declines in language ability and cognitive functioning and reduced attention during the normal aging process can affect the ability to use information through lexical routes, and reading that requires complex cognitive processing is more affected by aging.
The purpose was to investigate differences between young and elderly adults in event-related potentials (ERPs) associated with syntactic ambiguity and word order canonicity in processing sentences with ditransitive verbs using a verb-final language. Methods: A total of 48 participants participated in the study. A sentence comprehension task and an online ERP analysis were used. The stimuli were composed of 5 phrases such as a noun phrase 1 (nominative phrase), a noun phrase 2 (dative phrase), an adverbial phrase, a noun phrase 3 (accusative phrase), and a verb. These phrases were divided into two conditions, syntactic ambiguity and word order canonicity. Canonical word order consists of a dative phrase before an accusative phrase and non-canonical word order has the accusative phrase before the dative phrase. Syntactic ambiguity was manipulated through the deletion of object case markers. Results: Behavioral results revealed that the elderly group showed significantly lower accuracy and slower reaction time than the younger group, especially in ambiguous condition when compared with the unambiguous condition. ERP results revealed that younger adults generated N400 but elderly adults generated P600 for noun phrase 3 in ambiguous sentences. Younger adults generated P300 in canonical sentences and greater negativity in non-canonical sentences for noun phrase 2 in the ambiguous condition. Conversely, elderly adults generated similar sentence processing patterns in both canonical and non-canonical sentences. Discussion: The results indicated that processing patterns for syntactic ambiguity and word order canonicity in ditransitive sentences are significantly different between two groups. The elderly adults' ERP processing feature could be an attribute of age-related language changes.
The goal of this study was to explore the age-related decline in the storage and processing components of working memory in dual-tasks (storage trials and processing trials) using eye-tracking. Methods: A total of 39 participants participated in this study. Twenty-two participants were in the younger group (age, 21.45± 3.14 years) and 17 were in the elderly group (age, 66.94 ± 3.58 years). Storage items were based on a word span task. Processing items were based on a sentence comprehension task. These two trials were performed concurrently. Participants completed storage and processing trials while their eye movements were recorded using an eye-tracking device. Performance on this task was indexed (%) by scoring correct items, and proportion of fixation duration (PFD) by recording eye movement data. Results: The results showed that the elderly group demonstrated significantly less accuracy than the younger group on dual-tasks. Also, there was a significant group difference in PFD on processing trials. However, there was no significant group difference in PFD on storage trials. The results suggest that there is a greater age-related decline in processing components in comparison to the storage components of working memory. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that elderly adults have difficulty in processing components; in particular, the eye movement working memory tasks, due to a reduction in resources such as working memory capacity. The sentence complexity of processing trials did not affect the storage trials, and this suggests that the storage and processing functions of working memory have individual resources.
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