THE ALEXANDRIAN TYCHAION AND THE DATE OF PS.-NICOLAUS PROGYMNASMATA

Abstract

The purpose of this article is twofold. First, I offer evidence to corroborate C.M. Bowra's theory that the Alexandrian Tychaion was converted into a tavern in c. 391 C.E. I take his theory one step further in suggesting that the temple's divine statues must have been removed or destroyed at the same time. I place the conversion of the Alexandrian Tychaion in the context of other contemporary threats to pagan temples in general and specifically to temples of Tyche, and I argue that its conversion was part of an imperial programme intended to decommission certain high-profile pagan temples in a conspicuous, morally degrading fashion. I also offer two new interpretations of the last two certain literary references to the Tychaion, in works describing events from the late fifth and early seventh centuries. Second, I aim to use the conversion of the Tychaion to redate the progymnasmata of Ps.-Nicolaus, which include an ecphrasis of the unaltered Tychaion, to the late fourth or early fifth centuries. I identify Ps.-Nicolaus as a likely student of Aphthonius (who was in turn a student of Libanius), which would explain both his adherence to Aphthonian theory and his dependence upon Libanius' model exercises. I One of the largest collections of progymnasmata from the Late Antique and Byzantine periods is attributed to the author now conventionally known as Ps.-Nicolaus, 1 to distinguish him from Nicolaus of Myra, the fifth-century author of a surviving progymnasmata treatise. 2 In addition to the 111 exercises edited by C. Walz (Rh. Gr.

The Right to Privacy in the Digital Age : Perspectives on Analysis of Certain Central European Countries’ Legislation and Practice

“…The UDHR, the key document of mankind, was influenced, for instance, by Lebanese Charles Habib Malik, a Christian who insisted on the protection of family values, and his work is a reflection of his belief that people have a spiritual dimension and that family is important. 19 The crucial notion on dignity lies in its relation to human rights. Most scholars 20 agree that human rights are products or derivatives of human dignity.…”

“…The Civil Code primarily protects individuals against the disclosure of confidential information through the protection of confidentiality 18 and the provision on data protection. 19 The case law published to date connected to the conflict between the protection of confidential information and the right to freedom of the press is not very extensive. Decision no.…”

“…Nevertheless, it is rather rare that such a provision is a part of the same article as the prohibition of torture. 19 Such a systematic classification has obviously also become a challenge in relation to the interpretation of Art. 16 of the Constitution.…”

“…18 This article was a specific response of the authors to what the authors felt was excessive and embarrassing coverage of people's private lives in the press in the form of reports from social meetings organized by the daughter of Sen. Thomas Francis Bayard. 19 A law "is a set of norms defining the behavior of people, norms established or sanctioned by the state and secured by the state coercion apparatus" (the object approach). 20 A right (also called a specific right) is vested in an entity (subject approach).…”

“…14 Hence, privacy is not explicitly stated in the Constitution, "it falls to Congress and the courts to determine the scope of that 'penumbra.'" 15 Today, privacy is guaranteed with many international, regional, and national documents, e.g., the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), 16 the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966), 17 the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1950), the Declaration on Mass Communication Media and Human Rights ("Declaration on Mass Communication"), 18 the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, 19 the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), 20 the Treaty on the European Union 11 Brandeis, 1890, p. 2. 12 Glancy, 1979, p. 1.…”