The alleviation of reforestation challenges by beneficial soil microorganisms

Abstract

Surface mining causes major destruction of natural landscapes and ecosystems. The most fertile, surface soil layer is lost permanently, together with vegetation, wildlife, and micro flora. Post-mining areas are characterized with diverse edaphic, topographic, hydrographic conditions, which complicate land restoration. Successful establishment of forest ecosystems on such land depends mostly on selection of tree species. The chosen plants must be capable of tolerating a wide range of acidity, fertility, moisture, and have potential to ameliorate such substrates for more demanding species. But, reforestation of heavily damaged ecosystems, such as post-mining areas, demands a new approach in seedlings production. This new approach takes into account specific requirements of habitat and integrates them into "targeted production of planting material". A good strategy for successful reforestation of post-mining areas is the input of organic matter (compost, mulch). Also, current knowledge and experiences emphasize the potential of beneficial microorganisms such as, mycorrhizal fungi (MF) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). The majority of studies that deal with beneficial interactions between trees and microorganisms are focused on the mycorrhiza, while plant growth promoting rhizobacteria are less present in silviculture. In this study, the focus is on the reforestation challenges of two mining basins, Majdanpek and Kolubara and suggests beneficial microorganisms as potential solution. The study presents results of several years' researches on plant response to the presence of mycorrhizal fungi and PGPR. The substrates used for plant growth were Majdanpek and Kolubara mine deposals. Mycorrhizal seedlings were grown in Majdanpek mine deposal, and at the end of the experiment they had 30% higher biomass in comparison to control (seedlings without mycorrhiza). Seedlings linked with fungi had a higher survival rate. Deposals from Kolubara Mining Basin were used as a substrate for seedlings inoculated with PGPR. In the first experiment, Scots pine and Norway spruce were inoculated with Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus megaterium, B. circulans, B. licheniformis, B. pumilus, B. amyloliquefaciens. Inoculation resulted with higher biomass production (Scots pine 43%, Norway spruce 34%). Similar results were obtained in the second experiment where Scots pine and black locust were inoculated with Bacillus licheniformis, Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas putida and Burkholderia cepacia. Both species had higher biomass (around 20%) in comparison to un-inoculated control. The results confirmed the fact that early establishment and successful growth of vegetation on devastated areas depends on the presence and activity of soil microbes. Microorganisms as a "nature's solution" pose the potential to alleviate reforestation challenges of anthropogenic devastated landscapes. Their presence and activity is crucial for ecosystem stability. In areas with compromised balance, their introduction is justified action fo...

Use of overburden waste for London plane (Platanus × acerifolia) growth: the role of plant growth promoting microbial consortia

“…Revegetation of overburden waste dumps is a worldwide problem, and establishment of vegetation cover on such foundations is complicated due to a numerous problems such as nutrient deficiency, elevated metal concentration, low pH value, lack of moisture, soil forming materials and of organic matter, high heterogeneity of substrate, disturbed soil hydrology and topography (Ristović et al 2010, Karličić et al 2016. At impoverished mine sites, enrichment with organic matter (cover crops, mulch, compost, hay) and encouragement of symbiotic relationships between plants and soil microbes makes a difference between life and death (Tredici 2007).…”

“…At impoverished mine sites, enrichment with organic matter (cover crops, mulch, compost, hay) and encouragement of symbiotic relationships between plants and soil microbes makes a difference between life and death (Tredici 2007). In addition to already mentioned approaches, inoculation with plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) is emerging as a promising technique (Ribeiro & Cardoso 2012, Karličić et al 2016.…”

“…Plant growth promoting bacteria improve physicochemical and biological properties of poor, degraded substrates and make them more suitable for plants (Grandlic 2008, Karličić et al 2016) with simultaneous increase of plant survival and seedling quality, especially in soils with weak microbial activity (Chanway 1997, DominguezNuñez et al 2015. Positive outcomes of PGPB application are enhancement of seedlings emergence, faster plant growth, higher biomass production (Ribeiro & Cardoso 2012), increase of root length, and branching, increased leaf area, and chlorophyll content, and higher resistance to abiotic stresses (Glick 2012) as well as to pests or diseases (Cawoy et al 2014).…”

“…In previous attempts, Kolubara Mine landscapes were reforested with Black pine, Scots pine, European larch, European ash, Small-leaved lime, and Black locust (Karličić et al 2016). Recultivation was mainly conducted with pioneer species, even though some of them were not the most desirable for our climate conditions (e.g., Black locust).…”

Conservation and trade of wild edible mushrooms of Serbia – history, state of the art and perspectives

“…The importance of macro fungal saprotrophs in forest ecosystems is not recognised in their work (wood degrading species were usually treated as pests), while the existence of ECM has only recently been documented (Katanić et al 2015a, b). The single experimental attempt of using seedlings inoculated with ECM fungi in forestry was in remediation of polluted soils (Karličić et al 2016). Finally, the cooperation between forestry specialists and biologists on this topic is almost non-existent (Marjanović 2000).…”