The Alpine Pass of Hannibal

Abstract

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Reconnaissance of the Hannibalic Route in the Upper Po Valley, Italy: Correlation with Biostratigraphic Historical Archaeological Evidence in the Upper Guil Valley, France

“…Classicists and ancient historians for more than two millennia have favoured several routes taken by the Punic army into Cisalpine Italia, but few have ever visited all the approaches, let alone targeted cols stretching across much of the Western Alps. Among these are: Freshfield (, ), Dodge (), Wilkinson (), Paton (), de Beer (, , , ), Walbank (, ), Brown (), Hart (), Proctor (), Connolly (), Seibert (), Bagnall (), Lancel () and Lazenby (), to name but a few. Of these interpreters, only de Beer (), Seibert () and Lazenby () have visited all the high passes.…”

Biostratigraphic Evidence Relating to the Age-Old Question of Hannibal's Invasion of Italy, I: History and Geological Reconstruction

“…The main approach routes (Livy, ; Proctor ; de Beer ; Polybius ) and associated mountain passes (cols) identified as likely transit points of Hannibal ' s army into Cisalpine Gaul (northern Italy) have been debated and discussed by historians for over two millennia (Freshfield ; Dodge ; Wilkinson ; de Beer ; Connolly ; Seibert ; Lazenby ; Bagnall ; Lancel ; Mahaney ; Mahaney et al ). These invasion passages are referred to here as the southern, northern and intermediate routes, as shown in Figure (Hart ; Proctor ; de Beer ).…”