The ameliorative effects of methylene blue on testicular damage induced by cisplatin in rats

Abstract

Cisplatin (CP) is a chemotherapeutic drug widely used for the treatment of different types of solid tumours (Wang & Lippard, 2005). However, clinical uses of CP are restricted due to severe side effects like nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, hepatotoxicity and neurotoxicity (Florea & Büsselberg, 2011). Also, the toxic effect of CP on the reproductive system is well established (Howell & Shalet, 2005). Studies have revealed that the consumption of CP leads to several tissue injuries and biochemical changes in the reproductive system (Türk et al., 2008). The toxicity caused by CP can induce meiotic arrest which may consequently contribute to azoospermia (Martin-du Pan & Campana, 1993). However, the exact mechanism by which the deleterious effects of CP are ameliorated is not yet understood. The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the principal mechanisms involved in the destruction of the reproductive system through the consumption of CP. Thus, various supportive antioxidant components, such as hesperidin, melatonin, amifostine, ellagic acid, lycopene, vitamin E, Kigelia africana fruit extract, Ginkgo biloba, Nigella sativa oil and quercetin, have been used against CP-induced damages (Ateşşahin et al., 2006). Therefore, the use of antioxidants can be a substantial strategy to attenuate oxidative stress induced by CP consumption.

Evaluation of protective effects of gallic acid on cisplatin‐induced testicular and epididymal damage

“…Similarly, Salem Values are expressed as means ± SD. Significant differences as compared with the Control group at a P < 0.05, Significant differences as compared with the CP group at b P < 0.05 Jourabi et al, 2021). Decreased testosterone levels caused by CP may disrupt the spermatogenesis process and thus may cause male infertility.…”

“…According to the findings of our study, it is estimated that the decrease in serum testosterone level caused by CP application may be related to the decrease in Leydig cell number as a result of increased apoptosis in Leydig cells. Because testosterone secretion is directly related to Leydig cell function and number (Gholami Jourabi et al., 2021). Decreased testosterone levels caused by CP may disrupt the spermatogenesis process and thus may cause male infertility.…”

Sinapic acid ameliorates cisplatin‐induced disruptions in testicular steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis by modulating androgen receptor, proliferating cell nuclear antigen and apoptosis in male rats

“…Many studies reported that CP treatment reduced testicular weight and volume (Altındağ & Meydan, 2021; Gholami Jourabi et al, 2021; Mesbahzadeh et al, 2021). Consistent with previous studies, it is estimated that this decrease in testicular weight in the present study may be due to the decrease in testicular cell number and seminiferous tubule damage after CP application, because testicular weight is primarily related to testicular cell number and damage.…”

“…According to these findings of our study, it is estimated that the decrease in the number of Leydig cells caused by CP may have decreased the testosterone level. Because the main function of Leydig cells is to synthesize and secrete testosterone, the decrease in CP‐induced cell numbers and dysfunction of these cells causes a decrease in testosterone levels (Gholami Jourabi et al, 2021).…”

Conditioned medium of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells improves sperm parameters and reduces histological alteration in rat testicular ischaemia/reperfusion model

“…In many pathologic states of the reproductive system, for example, varicocele, testicular torsion, and drug toxicity caused (e.g., due to cisplatin), oxidative stress plays a remarkable role in tissue damage such as damage to the epithelium of the seminiferous tubules, and the biochemical changes such as reduced testosterone level. The destructive effects of ROS are mediated by alterations of protein structures, DNA damage, and lipid oxidation (Dolatkhah et al, 2020; Gholami Jourabi et al, 2021; Koksal et al, 2012). Studies have shown that the destructive effects are reduced in the presence of enzymatic and non‐enzymatic antioxidants.…”