The Americanization of British party advertising? Negativity in party election broadcasts, 1964–2005

The writing is on the wall: the limited professionalization of European parliament election campaign posters

“…However, lack of professionalization in EP election campaigning may provide voters with the impression that political parties incite the second-order phenomenon (Reif and Schmitt 1980). Our results deviate from Vliegenthart's study (2012) as he found more evidence for professionalization of national election posters in the Netherlands than the findings of our study suggest; combined, these findings resonate well Tenscher and Mykkänen (2014) who showed that professionalization in general tends to be higher in national compared to EP elections in Germany and to a lesser degree also in Finland.…”

Position, Preference and Personality: A Microlevel Explanation of Negativity in Day‐To‐Day Politics

“…Up to now, however, whether and why representatives differ in negativity remains largely unclear. European scholars foremost examine negativity at the party level, so individual differences are not covered in these studies (e.g., Elmelund‐Præstekær, ; Hansen & Pedersen, ; vanHeerde‐Hudson, ; Schweitzer, ; Walter & van der Brug, ; Walter, van der Brug, & van Praag, ). Although U.S. scholars of negative campaigning generally investigate individual candidates, they typically look at determinants that dig into electoral circumstances—politicians are, for instance, more likely to go negative at the end of a campaign, when there are many candidates and when it is a close race (Buell & Sigelman, ; Hale, Fox, & Farmer, ; Peterson & Djupe, ).…”

Negativ og personfokuseret kampagneretorik. Partiernes kommunikation og mediernes dækning ved folketingsvalg 1994-2011

“…I det vel nok mest omfattende studie hidtil konkluderer Walter (2012: 25-26), at kampagneretorikken har vaeret stabil i tyske, hollandske og engelske valgvideoer fra starten af 1980'erne til midten af 2000'erne. Samme konklusion når et andet studie af engelske valgmanifester og valgvideoer, som går helt tilbage til 1964 (van Heerde-Hudson, 2011). I Sverige har studier af valgmanifester og partilederdebatter ledt til samme konklusion (Esaiasson og Håkansson, 2002: 172), og man taler her om den "tidlösa valretoriken" (Håkansson, 1999: 12-17).…”

“…Svaret er langt fra givet; dels melder ingen videnskabelige analyser af valgkampe i andre europaeiske lande om øgede maengder negativ kampagne over tid (Håkansson, 1999;van Heerde-Hudson, 2011;Walter, 2012: kapitel 1), dels afsvor politikerne og partierne selv gentagne gange i forbindelse med 2011-valget den negative kampagneform. Som svar på Venstres angreb indrykkede Socialdemokraterne og SF eksempelvis en faelles annonce i de store aviser under overskriften: "Kaere Lars, her kunne vi have indrykket en stor skraemmekampagne mod Venstre, men det gjorde vi ikke".…”