The Amount and Nature of the Organic Matrix in Urinary Calculi: A Review

Boyce, William H.; Garvey, Fred K.

doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(17)66686-2

Cited by 215 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…1) revealed that ruthenium red-staining bacterial exopolysaccharides constitute a relatively minor component of the organic matrix of mature infective stones. This finding agrees with biochemical analyses of the organic matrix components of these calculi (Boyce and Garvey, 1956;Wickham, 1975Wickham, , 1982Nishio et al, 1985). Therefore, we conclude that bacterial exopolysaccharide production, intimately involved in the initiation of stone matrix deposition, is less prominent in mature stones because of the increased incorporation of host-derived mucoproteins and mucopolysaccharides (McLean et al, 198%).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

“…The origin of the organic matrix components is less clear. Chemical analysis of the stone matrix reveals the presence of mucoproteins, mucopolysaccharides, and glycosaminoglycans (Boyce and Garvey, 1956;Wickham, 1975Wickham, , 1982.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first states that matrix deposition occurs solely as a consequence of struvite crystallisation (Vermeulen et al, 1965 ;Vermeulen and Lyon, 1968). However, Boyce and Garvey (1956) proposed that matrix deposition was a prerequisite for stone growth. As crystal-free regions or "matrix" stones are quite often found at the periphery of struvite stones (Wickham, 1975(Wickham, , 1982, it is probable that matrix formation precedes crystallisation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Observations of the Ultrastructure of Infected Kidney Stones

McLean

Nickel

Beveridge

et al. 1989

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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Summary. Struvite stones are formed as the result of urinary tract infection by ureaseproducing bacteria. Ultrastructural examination of calculi removed from a patient revealed bacteria incorporated throughout the stone matrix. Exopolysaccharide stained by ruthenium red was associated with most of the bacteria, but it represented only a small portion of the organic matrix in the stone. Localised deposits of calcium and phosphorus, components of carbonate-apatite, and magnesium, a struvite component, were detected in close proximity to the cells. Histochemical examinations revealed that several of the gram-negative bacteria within the stone matrix possessed high levels of urease activity. We propose that bacterial slime production, intimately involved in the initiation of stone matrix deposition, is less prominent in mature stones because of the increased incorporation of host-derived mucoproteins and mucopolysaccharides.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Observations of the Ultrastructure of Infected Kidney Stones

McLean

Nickel

Beveridge

et al. 1989

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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“…We found that the four methods did not extract the same amounts of protein from the stones, and that even the three more successful methods yielded a total protein extraction considerably less than the protein fraction found by Boyce (which was about 1.7% 25 ), showing that these methods extracted only a fraction of the protein bound up in the stones. Nevertheless, such a method could still be useful for our purposes if it extracted a consistent portion of the stone matrix, such that it could be used to compare the relative amounts of matrix in different stones.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Variability of Protein Content in Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate Stones

Williams

Zarse

Jackson

et al. 2006

Journal of Endourology

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Objectives-Urinary stones are heterogeneous in their fragility to lithotripter shock waves. As a first step in gaining a better understanding of the role of matrix in stone fragility, we measured extractible protein in COM stones that were extensively characterized by micro-computed tomography (micro CT).Methods-Stones were scanned using micro CT (Scanco mCT20, 34 μm), and were ground and protein extracted using four methods: 0.25M EDTA, 2% SDS reducing buffer, 9M urea buffer, and 10% acetic acid. Protein was measured using NanoOrange. SDS extracts were also examined using polyacrylamide electrophoresis (PAGE).Results-Extracted protein was highest with SDS or urea methods (0.28±0.13 and 0.24±0.11%, respectively), and lower using the EDTA method (0.17±0.05%, p<0.02). Acetic acid extracted little protein (0.006±0.002%, p<0.001). Individual stones were significantly different in extractability of protein by the different methods, and SDS-PAGE revealed different protein patterns for individual stones. Extracted protein did not correlate with x-ray lucent void percentage, which ranged from 0.06 to 2.8% of stone volume, nor with apatite content.Conclusions-Extractible stone matrix protein differs for individual COM stones, and yield is dependent on the extraction method used. The presence of x-ray lucent voids or minor amounts of apatite in stones did not correlate with protein content. The amounts of protein recovered were 5 to 10 times lower than that reported by Boyce, showing that these methods extracted only a fraction of the protein bound up in the stones. The results suggest that none of the methods tested will be useful for helping to answer the question of whether matrix content differs among stones of differing fragility to lithotripter shock waves.

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“…Composition analysis of renal stones has indicated that organic matrix accounts for $2.5% of the weight of each renal stone. Matrix is a poorly defined mishmash of uncharacterized macromolecules, of which Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (THP) is a part [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beneficial effect of vitamin E supplementation on the biochemical and kinetic properties of Tamm–Horsfall glycoprotein in hypertensive and hyperoxaluric patients

Sumitra

Viswanathan

Sakthivel

et al. 2005

Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation

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Background. This study aimed to assess the therapeutic efficacy of oral vitamin E supplementation on the biochemical and kinetic properties of Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (THP) in hypertensive and hyperoxaluric patients. Methods. Newly detected hypertensives (n ¼ 200) and stone formers (n ¼ 200) were each subdivided into two groups. One group (n ¼ 100) was administered the antioxidant vitamin E at 400 mg/day given as an oral supplement along with standard therapeutic drugs for hypertension and hyperoxaluria and the patients were followed for a period of 9 months. The other group (n ¼ 100) did not receive vitamin E (placebo controls). Age and sex-matched controls (n ¼ 100) were monitored simultaneously. THP was isolated from 24 h urine samples before and at the end of every third month during a period of 9 months from the vitamin Etreated hypertensive and hyperoxaluric groups. THP samples were also collected from control subjects, and at the end of the ninth month from placebo controls. The isolated protein was assessed for purity by SDS-PAGE. The purity-checked proteins were subjected to spectrophotometric crystallization assay, calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystal interaction studies, and biochemical analysis of sialic acid, thiol and carbonyl content. Plasma superoxide, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide and vitamin E levels as well as superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were also monitored. Results. The THP from the hypertensive and hyperoxaluric subjects exhibited a significant promoting effect on the nucleation and aggregation phases and caused a concomitant increase in CaOx crystal interaction. The altered kinetic properties of THP in these subjects were strongly associated with increased carbonyl content and with decreased thiol and sialic acid contents. Oral administration of vitamin E to these patients caused near normalization of these biochemical alterations and satisfactorily restored the kinetic properties of THP to near normal activity. At the end of 9 months, THP isolated from placebo controls (hypertensive and hyperoxaluric) showed highly aggregated calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals as observed by light microscopy. In contrast, vitamin E-supplemented patients showed CaOx dihydrate crystals that were similar to control THP. There was an imbalance in the oxidant and antioxidant levels. For the oxidants, superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical levels were increased, and for the antioxidants, there was loss of antioxidant enzyme activities and a decline in plasma vitamin E level in both hypertensive and hyperoxaluric patients. Supplementary antioxidant (vitamin E) corrected this imbalance to near normal conditions. Conclusion. We hypothesize that the loss of THP inhibitory activity in the hypertensive and hyperoxaluric patients in a crystallizing medium is mediated primarily by oxidative damage to this protein. The possible occurrence of renal stones in essential hypertensive subjects, and the risk of recurrence in hyperoxaluric subjects, may be explained by oxidative damage ...

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The Amount and Nature of the Organic Matrix in Urinary Calculi: A Review

Cited by 215 publications

References 17 publications

Observations of the Ultrastructure of Infected Kidney Stones

Observations of the Ultrastructure of Infected Kidney Stones

Variability of Protein Content in Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate Stones

Beneficial effect of vitamin E supplementation on the biochemical and kinetic properties of Tamm–Horsfall glycoprotein in hypertensive and hyperoxaluric patients

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