The anaerobic survival mechanism of <i>Schizophyllum commune</i> <scp>20R‐7‐F01</scp>, isolated from deep sediment 2 km below the seafloor

Arifeen, Muhammad Zain Ul; Chu, Chia‐Yu; Yang, Xinyi; Liu, Junzhong; Huang, Xin; Ma, Yu‐Nan; Li, Xuan; Xue, Yarong; Liu, Changhong

doi:10.1111/1462-2920.15332

Cited by 18 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Fungi take part in degradation of hydrocarbons in soils and sediments, including aromatic compounds [ 103 – 105 ]. Physiologically versatile fungi persist in the deep subsurface biosphere, and have been cultivated from coal-bearing deep subsurface sediments at 2 km depth [ 106 , 107 ]. Over 100 fungal genera are known to play important roles in biodegradation [ 108 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental factors shaping bacterial, archaeal and fungal community structure in hydrothermal sediments of Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California

et al. 2021

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The flanking regions of Guaymas Basin, a young marginal rift basin located in the Gulf of California, are covered with thick sediment layers that are hydrothermally altered due to magmatic intrusions. To explore environmental controls on microbial community structure in this complex environment, we analyzed site- and depth-related patterns of microbial community composition (bacteria, archaea, and fungi) in hydrothermally influenced sediments with different thermal conditions, geochemical regimes, and extent of microbial mats. We compared communities in hot hydrothermal sediments (75-100°C at ~40 cm depth) covered by orange-pigmented Beggiatoaceae mats in the Cathedral Hill area, temperate sediments (25-30°C at ~40 cm depth) covered by yellow sulfur precipitates and filamentous sulfur oxidizers at the Aceto Balsamico location, hot sediments (>115°C at ~40 cm depth) with orange-pigmented mats surrounded by yellow and white mats at the Marker 14 location, and background, non-hydrothermal sediments (3.8°C at ~45 cm depth) overlain with ambient seawater. Whereas bacterial and archaeal communities are clearly structured by site-specific in-situ thermal gradients and geochemical conditions, fungal communities are generally structured by sediment depth. Unexpectedly, chytrid sequence biosignatures are ubiquitous in surficial sediments whereas deeper sediments contain diverse yeasts and filamentous fungi. In correlation analyses across different sites and sediment depths, fungal phylotypes correlate to each other to a much greater degree than Bacteria and Archaea do to each other or to fungi, further substantiating that site-specific in-situ thermal gradients and geochemical conditions that control bacteria and archaea do not extend to fungi.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental factors shaping bacterial, archaeal and fungal community structure in hydrothermal sediments of Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California

et al. 2021

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“…BCAAs are essential amino acids and are synthesized as building blocks of protein; however, the increased production of these AAs under low oxygen conditions is considered to be another strategy of fungi to cope with oxygen deficiency (Shimizu et al ., 2010; Zain ul Arifeen et al ., 2021). As a nutrient and signalling molecules in protein formation and metabolic homeostasis, BCAAs play key roles in the growth, development, and reproduction of fungi (Neinast et al ., 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been reported that Ile shows an important effect on appressorium formation, hyphae growth, and morphogenesis of pathogenic fungi Fusarium graminearum and Magnaporthe oryzae (Liu et al ., 2014; Du et al ., 2014), and Leu is taught to be crucial for the growth and conidia formation of various fungi (Tang et al ., 2018). Our findings also suggest that sub‐seafloor fungus S. commune uses BCAAs not only to regenerate ATPs (Zain ul Arifeen et al ., 2021) but also to support growth as a nutrient (Fig. 2A) under the anoxic conditions, which may contribute to the diversity and richness of fungus in the sub‐marine environment with extremely deficient in energy resources and relatively high necromass (peptide and amino acids from the dead microbial cells) over geological times (Lomstein et al ., 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Oxygen, as a terminal electron acceptor, involved in the synthesis of haem, unsaturated fatty acids, NAD, porphyrin and sterols (Gold et al ., 2017); therefore, it plays an important role in the growth and development of fungi. Our previous studies showed that Schizophyllum commune isolated from deep sub‐seafloor sediments could grow under anoxic conditions (Liu et al ., 2017; Zain Ul Arifeen et al ., 2021) but could not develop primordia into fruit bodies and thus cannot complete its life cycle without oxygen exposure (Zain Ul Arifeen et al ., 2021). Therefore, oxygen is considered to be an essential factor for fruit‐body generation of S. commune .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of oxygen concentrations and branched‐chain amino acids on the growth and development of sub‐seafloor fungus, Schizophyllum commune 20R‐7‐F01

Arifeen

et al. 2021

Environmental Microbiology

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Summary Fungi have been reported to be the dominant eukaryotic group in anoxic sub‐seafloor sediments, but how fungi subsist in the anoxic sub‐marine sedimental environment is rarely understood. Our previous study demonstrated that the fungus, Schizophyllum commune 20R‐7‐F01 isolated from a ~2 km sediment below the seafloor, can grow and produce primordia in the complete absence of oxygen with enhanced production of branched‐chain amino acids (BCAAs), but the primordia cannot be developed into fruit bodies without oxygen. Here, we present the individual and synergistic effects of oxygen and BCAAs on the fruit‐body development of this strain. It was found that the fungus required a minimum oxygen concentration of 0.5% pO2 to generate primordia and 1% pO2 to convert primordia into mature fruit body. However, if BCAAs (20 mM) were added to the medium, the primordium could be developed into fruit body at a lower oxygen concentration up to 0.5% pO2 where genes fst4 and c2h2 playing an important role in compensating oxygen deficiency. Moreover, under hypoxic conditions, the fungus showed an increase in mitochondrial number and initiation of auto‐phagocytosis. These findings suggest that the fruit‐body formation of S. commune may have multiple mechanisms, including energy and amino acid metabolism in response to oxygen concentrations.

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“…This number of marine fungi is low in comparison to the number of terrestrial fungi, but marine fungi are predominantly saprobes and rely on the abundant organic matter available in coastal environments [ 5 ]. In the sea, a number of factors affects fungi growth, such as salinity, temperature [ 6 ], hydrostatic pressure in the deep-sea [ 7 ] and the anoxic conditions of the sediment [ 8 ]. Light may affect reproductive behavior of marine fungi [ 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Do Fungi Survive in the Sea and Respond to Climate Change?

Jones

Ramakrishna

Sabaratnam

et al. 2022

JoF

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With the over 2000 marine fungi and fungal-like organisms documented so far, some have adapted fully to life in the sea, while some have the ability to tolerate environmental conditions in the marine milieu. These organisms have evolved various mechanisms for growth in the marine environment, especially against salinity gradients. This review highlights the response of marine fungi, fungal-like organisms and terrestrial fungi (for comparison) towards salinity variations in terms of their growth, spore germination, sporulation, physiology, and genetic adaptability. Marine, freshwater and terrestrial fungi and fungal-like organisms vary greatly in their response to salinity. Generally, terrestrial and freshwater fungi grow, germinate and sporulate better at lower salinities, while marine fungi do so over a wide range of salinities. Zoosporic fungal-like organisms are more sensitive to salinity than true fungi, especially Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Labyrinthulomycota and marine Oomycota are more salinity tolerant than saprolegniaceous organisms in terms of growth and reproduction. Wide adaptability to saline conditions in marine or marine-related habitats requires mechanisms for maintaining accumulation of ions in the vacuoles, the exclusion of high levels of sodium chloride, the maintenance of turgor in the mycelium, optimal growth at alkaline pH, a broad temperature growth range from polar to tropical waters, and growth at depths and often under anoxic conditions, and these properties may allow marine fungi to positively respond to the challenges that climate change will bring. Other related topics will also be discussed in this article, such as the effect of salinity on secondary metabolite production by marine fungi, their evolution in the sea, and marine endophytes.

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The anaerobic survival mechanism of Schizophyllum commune 20R‐7‐F01, isolated from deep sediment 2 km below the seafloor

Cited by 18 publications

References 57 publications

Environmental factors shaping bacterial, archaeal and fungal community structure in hydrothermal sediments of Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California

Environmental factors shaping bacterial, archaeal and fungal community structure in hydrothermal sediments of Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California

Effect of oxygen concentrations and branched‐chain amino acids on the growth and development of sub‐seafloor fungus, Schizophyllum commune 20R‐7‐F01

How Do Fungi Survive in the Sea and Respond to Climate Change?

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