The analysis of detergents

Longman, G. F.

doi:10.1016/0039-9140(75)80001-4

“…However, this method has been reported to display an error of ∼1%, as observed in the current study . Possible attributable phenomena include operator error, the sparing solubility of organic complexes in the aqueous phase, and trace inorganic impurities in the Methylene Blue solution . Although newer titrants such as dialkylmethylimidazolium chloride (TEGOtrant) address some of these discrepancies, LC-MS analysis was additionally utilized in the current study to confirm that a purity of 98% had been achieved after three purification steps.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Crude SLI was isolated by pouring the molten liquid onto a glass surface. Purity was determined by cationic titration with benzethonium chloride (Hyamine 1622), as reported by Longman …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Process-Focused Synthesis, Crystallization, and Physicochemical Characterization of Sodium Lauroyl Isethionate

Jeraal

¹

,

McRobbie

²

,

Harbottle

³

2018

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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There is a notable lack of published data concerning sodium cocoyl isethionate (SCI) despite widespread application in the personal care industry. A specific homologue, sodium lauroyl isethionate (SLI) was therefore synthesized, purified by recrystallization and then subjected to a detailed physicochemical examination. Purity of 98% was achieved via repeat recrystallization in methanol. A turbidimetric solubility analysis was then executed to identify both its crystallizability and metastable zone width as a function of temperature. Thermogravimetric analysis yielded decomposition onsets of 330°C for the purified SLI. A dynamic vapor sorption study also demonstrated reversibility in the 2.3% mass gained, when exposed to sustained humidity of 87%. Surface tension measurements of purified SLI yielded a critical micellar concentration (CMC) of 5.4 mM and a plateau surface tension of 38 mN/m at 20°C. Both values were lower than the previously reported values for SLI in water, thus indicating the performance benefits of purified isethionates in personal care formulations. The single step synthesis was chlorine-, catalyst-and solvent-free, thus improving process efficiency, safety and throughput over existing SLI syntheses. The succeeding physicochemical analysis crucially provides a much needed insight into the purification, properties and performance of isethionate ester surfactants; all of which is strongly applicable to their commercial manufacture from biorenewable sources.

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“…The number and type of nozzles must be designed such that overlapping of spray cones is avoided. Dried tower powder flows off from the tower at a temperature of [90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100] C. To prevent lumping, an airlift is used for cooling.…”

Section: Production Of Powder Detergentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laundry Detergents, 3. Production, Testing and Economic Aspects

Smulders

¹

,

Rähse

²

2011

Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry

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The article contains sections titled: 1. Production of Powder Detergents 1.1. Technology Overview 1.2. Manufacturing Processes 1.2.1. Traditional Spray‐Drying Process 1.2.2. Superheated Steam Drying 1.2.3. Nontower Agglomeration Process 1.2.4. Nontower Compound Technology 1.3. Densification Processes 1.3.1. Dry Densification in a Mixer 1.3.2. Dry Densification in a Spheronizer 1.3.3. Dry Densification in a Roller Press 1.3.4. Wet Granulation 1.3.5. Spaghetti Extrusion 1.3.6. Postaddition Process 1.3.7. Dry Densification in a Tablet Press 1.4. Raw Materials 1.4.1. Anionic Surfactants 1.4.2. Nonionic Surfactants 1.4.3. Builders 1.4.4. Peroxygen Bleaches 1.4.5. Enzymes 2. Analysis of the Composition 2.1. Detergent Ingredients: 2.2. Purposes of Detergent Analysis: 2.3. Sample Preparation: 2.4. Analytical Methods 2.4.1. Qualitative Analysis 2.4.2. Sample Preparation 2.4.3. Quantitative Analysis 2.4.4. Separation Methods: 2.4.5. Structure Determination 2.4.6. Determination of Characteristic Values 2.4.7. Analysis Automation: 2.5. Sources of Information: 3. Test Methods for Laundry Detergents 3.1. Laboratory Methods 3.2. Practical Evaluation 3.3. Consumer Tests 4. Economic Aspects 4.1. Detergent Components 4.1.1. Surfactants 4.1.2. Builders 4.2. Laundry Detergents 4.3. Fabric Softeners 4.4. Other Laundry Aids

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“…As a rule, it is necessary to effect separation. The analysis procedures most commonly used are extraction procedures, followed by column chromatography and then by chemical analyses of the various fractions (1)(2)(3). None of these procedures, however, is uniformly applicable, and it may be necessary sometimes to proceed by trial aad error, at the expense of time.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of¹³C NMR to the identification of surfactants in mixture

Carminati¹,

Cavalli²,

Buosi³

1988

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

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The possibility of using the 13C NMR technique as a preliminary screening for the analysis of manufactured household products is presented. Spectra for several surfactants and related products in water solution were obtained for reference. The application of 13C NMR to commercial products shows that many surfactants can easily be distinguished from one another and determined from a single spectrum without laborious separative pretreatments.The complete analysis of commercial detergents is becoming more and more difficult as the complexity of formulations increases. Nowadays, a wide :range of manufactured products usually consists of different ionic and nonionic surfactants and a variety of other organic and inorganic constituents. Complete]y identifying the various components of a modern detergent product can be a very complex task. As a rule, it is necessary to effect separation. The analysis procedures most commonly used are extraction procedures, followed by column chromatography and then by chemical analyses of the various fractions (1-3). None of these procedures, however, is uniformly applicable, and it may be necessary sometimes to proceed by trial aad error, at the expense of time. The procedure which the analyst will adopt depends upon whether the presence of certain surfactants is known or unknown. In other words, a better organized approach to the analysis can certainly be planned if one can have advance information on the nature of the mixture of surfactants presertt in the product under examination. This kind of information, in addition, may be all that is required. In specific market surveys a complete analysis of the cowponents may not be necessary, but the combination of the various surfactants must be continuously and rapidly checked.The application of instrumental methods could furnish an answer to this problem. However, the function of instrumental methods usually has been for identification after qualitative separations have been achieved. Chromatographic techniques, such as TLC and HPLC, certainly have been used to determine surfactants in commercial detergents {4-6). These technique:s are not always suitable for quantitative analysis though. They often require a long time to optimize conditions of analysis and cannot be applied indifferently for any detergent.In the present work the possibility of using 13C FT NMR as a useful analytical tool in the field of detergency is considered.We are routinely applying this technique a/iready as a preliminary screening for the analysis of manufactured products. The high resolution of the technique, by contrast with other instrumental methods, allows one to get useful information without any laborious separation, working directly with the commercial product, if liquid, or simply with an ethanol extract, if powder. One can determine rapidly {usually no more than ca. three hr of repetitive scans) not only the nature of the surfactant mixture, but also useful information on structure and on the presence of other organic and inorganic constituents. Of course...

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The analysis of detergents

Cited by 30 publications

References 61 publications

Process-Focused Synthesis, Crystallization, and Physicochemical Characterization of Sodium Lauroyl Isethionate

Process-Focused Synthesis, Crystallization, and Physicochemical Characterization of Sodium Lauroyl Isethionate

Laundry Detergents, 3. Production, Testing and Economic Aspects

Application of¹³C NMR to the identification of surfactants in mixture

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The analysis of detergents

Cited by 30 publications

References 61 publications

Process-Focused Synthesis, Crystallization, and Physicochemical Characterization of Sodium Lauroyl Isethionate

Process-Focused Synthesis, Crystallization, and Physicochemical Characterization of Sodium Lauroyl Isethionate

Laundry Detergents, 3. Production, Testing and Economic Aspects

Application of13C NMR to the identification of surfactants in mixture

Contact Info

Product

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About

Application of¹³C NMR to the identification of surfactants in mixture