The Analysis of Structural Relationships of Perception of Teachers in a School for Physical Disabilities between Diagnosis·Evaluation and Intervention

Longitudinal causal relationship between depression and self‐esteem in Korean older adults

“…Simply put, if depression scores are higher at time t − 1, then SE scores are lower at time t , and lower SE scores, in turn, increase depression scores at time t + 1. Due to differences in sampling methods (e.g., age and region of the sample), the results of this study are inconsistent with most current research supporting depression vulnerability (Choi, 2019; Park & Bae, 2021).…”

“…Second, the cross‐lagged effects support the reciprocal model between depression and SE. There is a negative influence between depression and SE over time (Choi, 2019). Simply put, if depression scores are higher at time t − 1, then SE scores are lower at time t , and lower SE scores, in turn, increase depression scores at time t + 1.…”

“…SE is an ongoing sense of self rather than a momentary reflection of events (Gittins & Hunt, 2020, p. 13). High SE can lead to an increase in the frequency of pleasurable activities, the ability to enjoy activities, and a decrease in negative thinking in depressed individuals (Choi, 2019, p. 68). Conversely, people with low SE tend to receive negative feedback from other people's relationships, validating the notion of negative SE.…”

“…Nevertheless, the reciprocal relationship model assumes that the “vulnerability model” and “scar hypothesis” are not opposites, but instead have a reciprocal relationship, that is, they can coexist (Choi, 2019; Gittins & Hunt, 2020; Han & Kim, 2020; Johnson et al, 2016; Orth & Robins, 2013; Shahar et al, 2004). In other words, a low SE at the previous time affects depression the next time, and depression will affect SE the next time (Park & Bae, 2021, p170).…”