| INTRODUC TI ONProper knowledge of anatomic structures of the oral cavity that are relevant in implant dentistry is of utmost importance to overcome avoidable intra-and postoperative complications (mainly neurosensory alterations and bleeding 1,2 ). Bleeding and hematoma formation might lead to serious life-threatening complications, 2 while nerve injuries are commonly associated with varying degrees of sensory loss and pain. 1 Penetration of the nasal cavity or maxillary sinus by dental implants might lead to chronic sinusitis (also known as chronic rhinosinusitis), thus necessitating their removal. 3,4 These complications occur readily when the location, course, and anatomic variations of neurovascular bundles, major blood vessels, and their anastomoses, as well as the contour of the alveolar ridges, are not properly assessed before implant placement. Thus, the aim of this review is to summarize the anatomic structures and their variations, in both mandible and maxilla, in relation to implant placement.
| MANDIB LE
| Mandibular canal and inferior alveolar nerveThe inferior alveolar nerve is the largest branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve. It enters the mandibular canal at the mandibular foramen, runs through the mandibular corpus, and commonly divides into 2 terminal branches (namely the incisive nerve and the mental nerve). 5 The diameter of the mandibular canal commonlyvaries between 2.1 and 5 mm, 6-9 and it lies symmetric to the mandible although the location may vary in the vertical and horizontal planes (Table 1).
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