The anatomy and functional axes of the femur.

Yoshioka, Yuki; Siu, D.; Cooke, T. D. V.

doi:10.2106/00004623-198769060-00012

Cited by 461 publications

(286 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…There is no groove for the obturator externus tendon crossing the surface of the neck, which is compressed anteroposteriorly (Lordkipanidze et al, 2007). Anteversion (femoral torsion) is 8 , slightly below the mean for most human samples (e.g., Reikeras et al, 1983, mean ¼ 13 , standard deviation 7 , n ¼ 47), but well within the range for modern humans (À5 to þ30 , see Yushiok et al, 1987;Hermann and Egund, 1998) Q3 . The shaft is straight in anterior view and displays the valgus orientation (associated with a high bicondylar angle) typical of hominins.…”

Section: Femur and Patellamentioning

confidence: 89%

Locomotor anatomy and biomechanics of the Dmanisi hominins

Pontzer

Rolian

Rightmire

et al. 2010

Journal of Human Evolution

152

118

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The Dmanisi hominins inhabited a northern temperate habitat in the southern Caucasus, approximately 1.8 million years ago. This is the oldest population of hominins known outside of Africa. Understanding the set of anatomical and behavioral traits that equipped this population to exploit their seasonal habitat successfully may shed light on the selection pressures shaping early members of the genus Homo and the ecological strategies that permitted the expansion of their range outside of the African subtropics. The abundant stone tools at the site, as well as taphonomic evidence for butchery, suggest that the Dmanisi hominins were active hunters or scavengers. In this study, we examine the locomotor mechanics of the Dmanisi hind limb to test the hypothesis that the inclusion of meat in the diet is associated with an increase in walking and running economy and endurance. Using comparative data from modern humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas, as well as other fossil hominins, we show that the Dmanisi hind limb was functionally similar to modern humans, with a longitudinal plantar arch, increased limb length, and human-like ankle morphology. Other aspects of the foot, specifically metatarsal morphology and tibial torsion, are less derived and similar to earlier hominins. These results are consistent with hypotheses linking hunting and scavenging to improved walking and running performance in early Homo. Primitive retentions in the Dmanisi foot suggest that locomotor evolution continued through the early Pleistocene. Dear Author, Any queries or remarks that have arisen during the processing of your manuscript are listed below and highlighted by flags in the proof. Please check your proof carefully and mark all corrections at the appropriate place in the proof (e.g., by using on-screen annotation in the PDF file) or compile them in a separate list.For correction or revision of any artwork, please consult http://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions.Articles in Special Issues: Please ensure that the words 'this issue' are added (in the list and text) to any references to other articles in this Special Issue.Uncited references: References that occur in the reference list but not in the text e please position each reference in the text or delete it from the list.Missing references: References listed below were noted in the text but are missing from the reference list e please make the list complete or remove the references from the text. Location in articleQuery / remark Please insert your reply or correction at the corresponding line in the proof Q1Kindly check the affiliations. Q2Please check the hierarchy of section headings. Q3The following references have been changed to match the reference list: " Hermann et al., 1998" to "Hermann and Egund, 1998""Geissman (1986" to "Geissmann (1986)""Harcourt-Smith and Aeillo, 2004" to "Harcourt-Smith and Aiello, 2004". Please verify. Q4Please check the placement of footnotes citations 1e4 have been made at the end of the sentence "Parsing the independent effects." Please c...

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Section: Femur and Patellamentioning

confidence: 89%

Locomotor anatomy and biomechanics of the Dmanisi hominins

Pontzer

Rolian

Rightmire

et al. 2010

Journal of Human Evolution

152

118

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“…These results may provide an explanation for the high incidence of medial meniscal tears in ACL-deficient knees [I ,261. For quantitative analysis of femoro-tibia1 translation, a 3D transepicondylar axis technique was used. This approach has been shown to be most accurate, because the influence of knee flexion on translation is minimal [22,43]. The reproducibility of the postprocessing technique was higher (standard deviation of 0.12 mm) compared to a recently presented posterior border technique (standard deviation of 0.4 mm) [S].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Femoro‐tibial and menisco‐tibial translation patterns in patients with unilateral anterior cruciate ligament deficiency—a potential cause of secondary meniscal tears

Eisenhart-Rothe

Bringmann

Siebert

et al. 2004

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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Objectiur: To analyze menisco-tibia1 and femoro-tibia1 translation patterns in healthy and ACL-deficient knees in different knee flexion angles under muscle activity.Methods: The ACL-deficient and contralateral healthy knees of 10 patients were examined with an open MR system at 30" and 90" of knee flexion, under isometric contraction of the extensors or flexor muscle groups. Translations between the tibia, the femoral condyles and the menisci were analyzed by three-dimensional image postprocessing.Results: Posterior translation of the femur and menisci relative to the tibia occurred during knee flexion (30-90") in all knees. In ACL-deficient knees, posterior translation of the medial femoral condyle (+I .3 * 3.8 mm) was significantly larger than in healthy knee (-0.9 k 2.9 mm; p < 0.05), while the translation pattern of the menisci was similar (med. meniscus 0.6 f 2.3 mm vs. 0.6 2 2.7 mm). Under isometric contraction of the extensors (relative to the flexor muscle group), an increased posterior position of the femur and menisci was observed at 30" knee flexion, but not at 90". This applied to ACL-deficient and healthy knees.Conclusions: This study shows a significant increase of translation of the medial femoral condyle in ACL-deficient knees, whereas menisco-tibia1 translation remains almost unchanged. This difference in translation patterns indicates that the posterior horn of the medial meniscus might encounter shear, potentially explaining the high rate of secondary medial meniscal tears in patients with ACL-deficiency.

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“…Theoretically, there is no rotational mismatch between the femoral and tibial components in extension when surgeons use the AP axis as the rotational reference of the tibia. Additionally, the AP axis is perpendicular to the coronal plane of the knee when the coronal plane is considered as the plane parallel to the SEA [9,20,21,35]. It is not easy to identify the AP axis during a UKA, especially when using the tibia first-cut technique.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For TKA, some surgeons recommend rotationally aligning a femoral component with the surgical epicondylar axis (SEA, the line connecting the tip of the lateral epicondyle to the medial epicondylar sulcus) [5,21,35]. However, no rotational reference has been confirmed as accurate for UKA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Yoshioka et al [35] suggested that the SEA is the functional transverse axis of the knee, and some authors have considered the coronal plane of the knee as the plane parallel to the SEA in their studies [9,20]. The sagittal cut of the tibia should then be made perpendicular to the SEA when the coronal plane is considered as the plane parallel to the SEA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Is the Medial Wall of the Intercondylar Notch Useful for Tibial Rotational Reference in Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty?

Kawahara¹,

Matsuda²,

Okazaki³

et al. 2012

Clinical Orthopaedics &Amp; Related Research

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Background It is difficult to implant components in the correct rotational position in the narrow operating field in a unicompartmental knee arthroplasty. Although no rotational reference has been confirmed for unicompartmental knee arthroplasty, the AP axis of the tibia may serve as a reference for unicompartmental knee arthroplasty and TKA. However, it is difficult to identify the AP axis during unicompartmental knee arthroplasty, especially with the tibia first-cut technique. Questions/purposes We explored whether the medial wall of the intercondylar notch could be useful for the tibial rotational reference as an alternative to the AP axis in unicompartmental knee arthroplasty. Methods We scanned the knees of 24 healthy Asian patients (45 knees) at a flexion angle of 908 using open MRI, then measured the angle between the AP axis and the medial wall of the notch. We determined whether the origins of the ACL and PCL were located lateral to the line on the medial wall of the notch and whether the mediolateral dimension of the bone cut surface of the medial tibial plateau was wide enough relative to the AP dimension to use the commercially available unicompartmental knee arthroplasty tibial components when the tibia was cut parallel to the medial wall of the notch.Results At 908 flexion the medial wall of the notch was externally rotated 0.18 ± 4.48 relative to the AP axis. In all knees, the ACL and PCL were located lateral to the line on the medial wall of the notch. The mediolateral dimension of the bone cut surface was wide enough to use the commercially available tibial components. Conclusions At 908 flexion the medial wall of the intercondylar notch is almost parallel to the AP axis of the tibia at and we believe a reasonable candidate for a rotational reference of tibial placement in unicompartmental knee arthroplasty. This landmark would need to be confirmed in other populations and in patients with osteoarthritis.

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The anatomy and functional axes of the femur.

Cited by 461 publications

References 16 publications

Locomotor anatomy and biomechanics of the Dmanisi hominins

Locomotor anatomy and biomechanics of the Dmanisi hominins

Femoro‐tibial and menisco‐tibial translation patterns in patients with unilateral anterior cruciate ligament deficiency—a potential cause of secondary meniscal tears

Is the Medial Wall of the Intercondylar Notch Useful for Tibial Rotational Reference in Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty?

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