The anatomy of testicular descent–normal and incomplete

Scorer, C. G.

doi:10.1002/bjs.18004921603

Cited by 65 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…In a large number of cases with or without inguinal hernia the processus vaginalis was open. The frequent association of an open processus vaginalis with undescended testes was already reported by Scorer who classified them as obstructed testes (Scorer, 1962). Not infrequently, adhesions were described and thought to be responsible for the inhibition of normal testicular migration.…”

Section: Results (Fig 1)mentioning

confidence: 93%

Success, relapse and failure after intranasal LHRH treatment of cryptorchidism in 55 prepubertal boys

1980

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Synthetic LHRH was given intranasally to 55 prepubertal boys with 67 undescended testes. After a 4-5 week period while receiving a daily dose of 1.2 mg complete testicular descent was seen in 24 testes. Follow-up over 6 to 24 months showed relapse in 4 boys who responded successfully to a second trial with LHRH. In boys with insufficient or no response to an initial trial further treatment with LHRH in 11 cases or HCG in 5 cases also was without effect. Surgical correction after unsuccessful LHRH treatment in 32 boys with 35 undescended testes showed anatomical abnormalities in 28 testes, mostly an open processus vaginalis with or without hernia. Because of its simple and painless administration and the absence of unwanted side effects, intranasal LHRH is well-suited as initial treatment of cryptorchidism, particularly in young children.

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Section: Results (Fig 1)mentioning

confidence: 93%

Success, relapse and failure after intranasal LHRH treatment of cryptorchidism in 55 prepubertal boys

1980

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“…When a normal firm attachment between the testis and the caput and cauda epididymis was present, the epididymis was regarded as nor-mal. A widened mesentery between the body of the epididymis and testis was considered normal, since some reports have shown that it is a normal finding, particulary in infancy (8,9). Anomalies were classified as a separation of the caput and/or cauda epididymis from the testis or a long looping epididymis (Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epididymal Anomalies Associated with Patent Processus Vaginalis in Hydrocele and Cryptorchidism

Han

Kang

2002

J Korean Med Sci

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The epididymal anomalies and patent processus vaginalis are frequently seen in patients with cryptorchidism or hydrocele. We performed a prospective study on the relationship between the epididymal anomalies and the patency of the processus vaginalis in boys with hydrocele (190 cases) or cryptorchidism (89 cases) who were treated from August 1997 to February 2000 (mean age, 51 months; range, 12 to 152 months). The epididymal anomalies were observed with an overall frequency of 48%. Closed, partially closed, and open processus vaginalis were associated with an epididymal anomaly in 14, 38, and 65% of cases, respectively. The epididymal anomalies were more common in association with undescended (61%) than with descended (43%) testes without statistical significance (p=0.415). Incomplete attachment of the caput epididymis was the most common anomaly (35%), followed by detachment of caput and cauda epididymis (31%), cauda epididymis (24%), and long looping epididymis (10%). These data showed that the epididymal anomalies were strongly associated with the patency of the processus vaginalis irrespective of testicular descent (p<0.001), and they provide further evidence for the hypothesis that a common stimulus, possibly androgens, may be required for the epididymal development and obliteration of the processus vaginalis.

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“…Whitehorn [22] observed a testis that was found ''within Gerota's fascia in the right renal fossa'' and states that ventral and inferior surfaces were ''closely adherent to the peritoneum.'' Scorer [23] states that the testis and epididymis are normally retroperitoneal but occasionally the testis is found on a mesorchium, which makes the testis prone to torsion. Some ignore the issue or do not specifically address it: Walker and Mills's [24] statement that the testis is ''partially covered by a reflected fold of mesothelium from the processus vaginalis which becomes the visceral tunica vaginalis testis'' is ambiguous on the issue.…”

Section: Journal Articlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is the testis intraperitoneal?

et al. 2005

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The relationship of the testis to the peritoneal cavity, and hence its position as an intraperitoneal or extraperitoneal organ, remains controversial. Adult anatomy texts favour an extraperitoneal position during and after testicular descent, whereas journal articles favour an intraperitoneal position. Interestingly, there is no similar debate around the position of the ovary despite the common origin of each as indifferent gonads. Through direct observation and the literature review, we aimed to determine whether the testis should be considered an intraperitoneal or an extraperitoneal organ. The anatomical and embryological literature relevant to human and animal models was reviewed. Direct dissections were made in rats (n=8) during foetal development, postnatally, and in mature animals, allowing comparison of foetus with adult and male with female. The position of the human testis was also recorded in various pathological states. Direct dissection in rats reveals an intraperitoneal testis on a mesorchium during both foetal and postnatal life. Intraperitoneal testes are demonstrated in humans in cases of gastroschisis (where the testis may protrude through the periumbilical defect with the bowel), testicular torsion (where the testis is mobile within the peritoneum), and bell clapper testis (where the testes are identifiable as intraperitoneal). We conclude that the foetal testis is an intraperitoneal organ. In the adult rat the testis remains intraperitoneal. The postnatal human testis is intraperitoneal. The adult human testis is intraperitoneal but may appear extraperitoneal. The apparent discrepancy between the adult testis being intraperitoneal or extraperitoneal is likely to result from differences in the relative size of the tunica vaginalis between infant boys and elderly men.

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The anatomy of testicular descent–normal and incomplete

Cited by 65 publications

References 8 publications

Success, relapse and failure after intranasal LHRH treatment of cryptorchidism in 55 prepubertal boys

Success, relapse and failure after intranasal LHRH treatment of cryptorchidism in 55 prepubertal boys

Epididymal Anomalies Associated with Patent Processus Vaginalis in Hydrocele and Cryptorchidism

Is the testis intraperitoneal?

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