The anatomy of the pediatric airway: Has our knowledge changed in 120 years? A review of historic and recent investigations of the anatomy of the pediatric larynx

Holzki, Josef; Brown, Karen; Carroll, Robert G.; Coté, Charles J.

doi:10.1111/pan.13281

Cited by 82 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The lowest surface pressure occurred at the glottis opening (the narrowest section of the upper airway indicated by the red arrow), located at the larynx region. For adults, this is the vocal cords (Holzki et al, 2017). The maximum pressure drop under the light inhalation condition (18 L/min) was approximately 60 Pa. For the intense inhalation scenario (50 L/min), the maximum pressure drop was 360 Pa, which is six times greater.…”

Section: Fluid Dynamic Resultsprimary Flow Patternsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Detailed computational analysis of flow dynamics in an extended respiratory airway model

Shang

Dong

Tian

et al. 2019

Clinical Biomechanics

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Section: Fluid Dynamic Resultsprimary Flow Patternsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Detailed computational analysis of flow dynamics in an extended respiratory airway model

Shang

Dong

Tian

et al. 2019

Clinical Biomechanics

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“…The development and growth of the respiratory tract during childhood has been a topic of interest for over a century . Indeed, knowledge of airway dimensions during child growth is of paramount importance in various pediatric fields: anesthesiology, pneumology, airway surgery, and critical care.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental changes of upper airway dimensions in children

Luscan

Leboulanger

Fayoux

et al. 2020

Pediatric Anesthesia

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Background: Knowledge about airway dimensions during child growth is of paramount importance for pediatric clinical practice. Decisions about airway management in children are based on relatively limited, imprecise, or incomplete data about airway size. Aims:The aim of this work was to determine the anatomical development and size of airway structures from birth to adolescence using high-resolution computed tomography scans and to study the correlation between airway measurements and biometric data. Methods:We conducted a retrospective study of all high-resolution computed tomography scans including the respiratory tract, performed in our tertiary pediatric center (for reasons unrelated to airway symptoms) between June 1, 2016, and October 15, 2017, on children aged from 1 day to 14 years old. On each scan, 23 measurements of the larynx, trachea, and mainstem bronchi were performed.Patients were stratified into 16 groups according to their age. We calculated median value for each measurement in each group. Statistical models were calculated to explore correlation between measurements and age or weight. Results:A total of 192 scans were included (127 boys/65 girls). The mean age was 7 years. The correlations between airway measurements and age or weight were always significant. The relationship between measurements and age was found to be suitably represented by a cubic polynomial equation suggesting that the airway has a rapid growth phase in the first 3 years, followed by a slow growth phase and a second rapid growth phase during adolescence. The most relevant biometric parameter was age concerning 21 of the measurements. Conclusion:This comprehensive anatomical database of upper airway dimensions provides important data in the field of pediatric airway anatomy, particularly relating to the cricoid. We demonstrated that laryngeal, tracheal, and bronchial parameters correlate better to age and have three different growth phases. K E Y W O R D Sage, dimensions, endotracheal tube, pediatric airway, weight

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“…In these studies, the trachea was calculated in length, anterior‐posterior and transversal diameter, as well as the cross‐sectional area (CSA). Recently published CT studies provide new information and insight about the upper airway dimensions including the glottis, subglottis, and cricoid (which was also questioned as controversial in a recent review ) and also a more comprehensive lower airway data …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In these studies, the trachea was calculated in length, anterior-posterior and transversal diameter, as well as the cross-sectional area (CSA). Recently published CT studies [72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79] provide new information and insight about the upper airway dimensions including the glottis, subglottis, and cricoid [72][73][74][75] (which was also questioned as controversial in a recent review 109) and also a more comprehensive lower airway data. 78,79 3.4 | Bronchoscopy studies [82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93] A total of 12 rigid and flexible bronchoscopy studies on pediatric airway dimensions were published.…”

Section: Anatomical Studies 7-41mentioning

confidence: 99%

Airway dimensions from fetal life to adolescence—A literature overview

Schmid

Weiß

2018

Pediatric Pulmonology

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The anatomy of the pediatric airway: Has our knowledge changed in 120 years? A review of historic and recent investigations of the anatomy of the pediatric larynx

Abstract: SummaryBackground: There is disagreement regarding the anatomy of the pediatric airway,

Cited by 82 publications

References 21 publications

Detailed computational analysis of flow dynamics in an extended respiratory airway model

Detailed computational analysis of flow dynamics in an extended respiratory airway model

Developmental changes of upper airway dimensions in children

Airway dimensions from fetal life to adolescence—A literature overview

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