The Anchor of the 3rd-Century-BC Ship from Kyrenia, Cyprus: a one-armed wooden anchor with a lead-filled stock

Archaic Ship Graffiti from Southern Attica, Greece: typology and preliminary contextual analysis

“…In contrast, wooden stocks with a lead fill always have angular extremities; they can be rectangular and straight, as in the shipwreck of Kyrenia, Cyprus, of c . 300 BC (van Duivenvoorde, : 405, fig. 9), or have parallel downward curving top and bottom faces with angular extremities, as in the Ma′agan Michael shipwreck (Votruba and Artzy, : 453–454: fig.…”

“…Our current archaeological and written evidence indicates that archaic anchors were wooden hook anchors with stocks fashioned either of stone or of wood with a lead fill (Rosloff, ; van Duivenvoorde, : 402–404; Votruba and Artzy, ). One‐armed anchors had a shank and curved wooden arm carved in one piece from a naturally grown crotch timber, as is shown by the completely preserved anchor from the shipwreck of Ma′agan Michael, Israel, dated to c .400 BC (Rosloff, ; Votruba and Artzy, : 453–454: fig.…”

“…If our interpretation of lead sheathing in these 6th‐century‐BC Attic engravings of merchant ships is correct, it would be the earliest evidence for such features, predating the oldest archaeological find of lead sheathing—the late 4th‐ to early 3rd‐century‐BC Kyrenia shipwreck—by more than two centuries (Steffy, : 98–99, fig. 19; van Duivenvoorde, ).…”

An Archaic Anchor Arm from Liman Tepe/Klazomenai, Turkey

“…The Ma‘agan Mikhael stock and shank‐arm timbers have, both, been identified as Quercus coccifera or calliprinos/ilex (Rosloff, : 144; Werker, : 242; Liphschitz, : table 1). The c .300 BC Kyrenia shipwreck anchor was identified as Quercus coccifera (van Duivenvoorde, : 400). Oak was chosen among the readily accessible timbers for its relatively greater hardness and durability compared to pine, as well as for having more negative buoyancy.…”

The 5th-Century BC Shipwreck at Tektaş Burnu, Turkey: evidence for the ship's hull from nail concretions

“…The ship was carrying at least five wooden anchors when it sank—their remains include the lead stock cores, fragments of wood and ferrous concretions from the anchor teeth (Van Duivenvoorde, : 406). Evidence of four of these anchors (three with two, and one with four lead stock cores) were discovered on the wreck‐site between the stern and midships, which are uncommon locations as anchors would usually be stored at the bow (Fig.…”